tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27339786121078192992024-03-06T01:53:17.440+05:30Programming with C, C++, JAVA , DataStructures, Networks, RDBMS.. This blog is all about C, C++,JAVA, and Data structures and RDBMS..
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.comBlogger181125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-91409990723581770452014-07-27T20:11:00.004+05:302014-08-05T17:27:39.184+05:30Functions of OSI Layer - Application Layer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<u><b>Functions of OSI MODEL - Application Layer</b></u><br />
<br />
The application layer consists of what most users think of as programs. The application does the actual work at hand. Although each application is different, some applications are so useful that they have become standardized. The Internet has defined standards for:<br />
•<br />
File transfer (FTP): Connect to a remote machine and send or fetch an arbitrary file. FTP deals with authentication, listing a directory contents, ASCII or binary files, etc.<br />
•<br />
Remote login (telnet): A remote terminal protocol that allows a user at one site to establish a TCP connection to another site, and then pass keystrokes from the local host to the remote host.<br />
•<br />
Mail (SMTP): Allow a mail delivery agent on a local machine to connect to a mail delivery agent on a remote machine and deliver mail.<br />
•<br />
News (NNTP): Allows communication between a news server and a news client.<br />
•<br />
Web (HTTP): Base protocol for communication on the World Wide Web.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-80163087271288919302014-07-27T20:10:00.002+05:302014-08-05T17:30:28.326+05:30Functions of OSI Layers- Presentation Layer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<u><b>Functions of OSI MODEL - Presentation Layer</b></u><br />
<br />
This layer is concerned with Syntax and Semantics of the information transmitted, unlike other layers, which are interested in moving data reliably from one machine to other. Few of the services that Presentation layer provides are:<br />
1. Encoding data in a standard agreed upon way.<br />
2. It manages the abstract data structures and converts from representation used inside computer to network standard representation and back.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-38524888456876319482014-07-27T20:09:00.002+05:302014-07-27T20:09:28.677+05:30Functions of OSI MODEL - Session Layer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<u><b>Functions of OSI MODEL - Session Layer</b></u> <br />
<br />
This layer allows users on different machines to establish session between them. A session allows ordinary data transport but it also provides enhanced services useful in some applications. A session may be used to allow a user to log into a remote time-sharing machine or to transfer a file between two machines. Some of the session related services are:<br />1. This layer manages Dialogue Control. Session can allow traffic to go in both direction at the same time, or in only one direction at one time.<br />2. Token management. For some protocols, it is required that both sides don't attempt same operation at the same time. To manage these activities, the session layer provides tokens that can be exchanged. Only one side that is holding token can perform the critical operation. This concept can be seen as entering into a critical section in operating system using semaphores.<br />3. Synchronization. Consider the problem that might occur when trying to transfer a 4-hour file transfer with a 2-hour mean time between crashes. After each transfer was aborted, the whole transfer has to start again and again would probably fail. To Eliminate this problem, Session layer provides a way to insert checkpoints into data streams, so that after a crash, only the data transferred after the last checkpoint have to be repeated.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-3130251721066355392014-07-27T20:07:00.000+05:302014-07-27T20:07:34.656+05:30Functions of OSI MODEL - Transport Layer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<u><b>Transport Layer</b></u><br />
<br />The transport level provides end-to-end communication between processes executing on different machines. Although the services provided by a transport protocol are similar to those provided by a data link layer protocol, there are several important differences between the transport and lower layers:<br />1. User Oriented. Application programmers interact directly with the transport layer, and from the programmers perspective, the transport layer is the ``network''. Thus, the transport layer should be oriented more towards user services than simply reflect what the underlying layers happen to provide. (Similar to the beautification principle in operating systems.)<br />2. Negotiation of Quality and Type of Services. The user and transport protocol may need to negotiate as to the quality or type of service to be provided. Examples? A user may want to negotiate such options as: throughput, delay, protection, priority, reliability, etc.<br />3. Guarantee Service. The transport layer may have to overcome service deficiencies of the lower layers (e.g. providing reliable service over an unreliable network layer).<br />4. Addressing becomes a significant issue. That is, now the user must deal with it; before it was buried in lower levels.<br />Two solutions:<br />•<br />Use well-known addresses that rarely if ever change, allowing programs to ``wire in'' addresses. For what types of service does this work? While this works for services that are well established (e.g., mail, or telnet), it doesn't allow a user to easily experiment with new services.<br />•<br />Use a name server. Servers register services with the name server, which clients contact to find the transport address of a given service.<br />In both cases, we need a mechanism for mapping high-level service names into low-level encoding that can be used within packet headers of the network protocols. In its general<br />
form, the problem is quite complex. One simplification is to break the problem into two parts: have transport addresses be a combination of machine address and local process on that machine.<br />5. Storage capacity of the subnet. Assumptions valid at the data link layer do not necessarily hold at the transport Layer. Specifically, the subnet may buffer messages for a potentially long time, and an ``old'' packet may arrive at a destination at unexpected times.<br />6. We need a dynamic flow control mechanism. The data link layer solution of reallocating buffers is inappropriate because a machine may have hundreds of connections sharing a single physical link. In addition, appropriate settings for the flow control parameters depend on the communicating end points (e.g., Cray supercomputers vs. PCs), not on the protocol used.<br />Don't send data unless there is room. Also, the network layer/data link layer solution of simply not acknowledging frames for which the receiver has no space is unacceptable. Why? In the data link case, the line is not being used for anything else; thus retransmissions are inexpensive. At the transport level, end-to-end retransmissions are needed, which wastes resources by sending the same packet over the same links multiple times. If the receiver has no buffer space, the sender should be prevented from sending data.<br />7. Deal with congestion control. In connectionless Internets, transport protocols must exercise congestion control. When the network becomes congested, they must reduce rate at which they insert packets into the subnet, because the subnet has no way to prevent itself from becoming overloaded.<br />8. Connection establishment. Transport level protocols go through three phases: establishing, using, and terminating a connection. For data gram-oriented protocols, opening a connection simply allocates and initializes data structures in the operating system kernel.<br />Connection oriented protocols often exchanges messages that negotiate options with the remote peer at the time a connection are opened. Establishing a connection may be tricky because of the possibility of old or duplicate packets.<br />Finally, although not as difficult as establishing a connection, terminating a connection presents subtleties too. For instance, both ends of the connection must be sure that all the data in their queues have been delivered to the remote application.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-59698180875616210512014-07-27T20:04:00.003+05:302014-07-27T20:04:59.689+05:30Functions of the OSI MODEL - Network Layer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Network Layer<br />The basic purpose of the network layer is to provide an end-to-end communication capability in contrast to machine-to-machine communication provided by the data link layer. This end-to-end is performed using two basic approaches known as connection-oriented or connectionless network-layer services.<br />1.2.4.3.1 Four issues:<br />1. Interface between the host and the network (the network layer is typically the boundary between the host and subnet)<br />2. Routing<br />3. Congestion and deadlock<br />4. Internetworking (A path may traverse different network technologies (e.g., Ethernet, point-to-point links, etc.)<br />1.2.4.3.2 Network Layer Interface<br />There are two basic approaches used for sending packets, which is a group of bits that includes data plus source and destination addresses, from node to node called virtual circuit and datagram methods. These are also referred to as connection-oriented and connectionless network-layer services. In virtual circuit approach, a route, which consists of logical connection, is first established between two users. During this establishment phase, the two users not only agree to set up a connection between them but also decide upon the quality of service to be associated with the connection. The well-known virtual-circuit protocol is the ISO and CCITT X.25 specification. The datagram is a self-contained message unit, which contains sufficient information for routing from the source node to the destination node without dependence on previous message interchanges between them. In contrast to the virtual-circuit method, where a fixed path is explicitly set up before message transmission, sequentially transmitted messages can follow completely different paths. The datagram method is analogous to the postal system and the virtual-circuit method is analogous to the telephone system.<br />1.2.4.3.3 Overview of Other Network Layer Issues:<br />The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).<br />For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.<br />
<br />
Routing Issues:<br />The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:<br />•<br />Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.<br />•<br />Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do.)<br />•<br />Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?<br />When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and non-adaptive algorithms.<br />1.2.4.3.4 Congestion The network layer also must deal with congestion:<br />•<br />When more packets enter an area than can be processed, delays increase and performance decreases. If the situation continues, the subnet may have no alternative but to discard packets.<br />•<br />If the delay increases, the sender may (incorrectly) retransmit, making a bad situation even worse.<br />•<br />Overall, performance degrades because the network is using (wasting) resources processing packets that eventually get discarded.<br />1.2.4.3.5 Internetworking Finally, when we consider internetworking -- connecting different network technologies together -- one finds the same problems, only worse:<br />•<br />Packets may travel through many different networks<br />•<br />Each network may have a different frame format<br />•<br />Some networks may be connectionless, other connection oriented<br />1.2.4.3.6 Routing<br />Routing is concerned with the question: Which line should router J use when forwarding a packet to router K?<br />
There are two types of algorithms:<br />•<br />Adaptive algorithms use such dynamic information as current topology, load, delay, etc. to select routes.<br />•<br />In non-adaptive algorithms, routes never change once initial routes have been selected. Also called static routing.<br />Obviously, adaptive algorithms are more interesting, as non-adaptive algorithms don't even make an attempt to handle failed links.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-79393515301329831472014-07-27T20:02:00.003+05:302014-07-27T20:02:29.191+05:30Functions of the OSI Layers - Data Link Layer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Functions of the OSI Layers</b><br />
<br />
<b>Data Link Layer<br />The goal of the data link layer is to provide reliable, efficient communication between adjacent machines connected by a single communication channel. Specifically:<br />1. Group the physical layer bit stream into units called frames. Note that frames are nothing more than ``packets'' or ``messages''. By convention, we shall use the term ``frames'' when discussing DLL packets.</b><br />
<br />
<b>2. Sender calculates the checksum and sends checksum together with data. The checksum allows the receiver to determine when a frame has been damaged in transit or received correctly.</b><br />
<br />
<b>3. Receiver recomputes the checksum and compares it with the received value. If they differ, an error has occurred and the frame is discarded.<br />4. Error control protocol returns a positive or negative acknowledgment to the sender. A positive acknowledgment indicates the frame was received without errors, while a negative acknowledgment indicates the opposite.<br />5. Flow control prevents a fast sender from overwhelming a slower receiver. For example, a supercomputer can easily generate data faster than a PC can consume it.<br />6. In general, data link layer provides service to the network layer. The network layer wants to be able to send packets to its neighbors without worrying about the details of getting it there in one piece.<br />1.2.4.2.1 Design Issues Below are the some of the important design issues of the data link layer:<br />a). Reliable Delivery:<br />Frames are delivered to the receiver reliably and in the same order as generated by the sender. Connection state keeps track of sending order and which frames require retransmission. For example, receiver state includes which frames have been received, which ones have not, etc.<br />b). Best Effort: The receiver does not return acknowledgments to the sender, so the sender has no way of knowing if a frame has been successfully delivered.<br />When would such a service be appropriate?<br />1. When higher layers can recover from errors with little loss in performance. That is, when errors are so infrequent that there is little to be gained by the data link layer performing the recovery. It is just as easy to have higher layers deal with occasional loss of packet.<br />2. For real-time applications requiring ``better never than late'' semantics. Old data may be worse than no data.<br />c). Acknowledged Delivery<br />The receiver returns an acknowledgment frame to the sender indicating that a data frame was properly received. This sits somewhere between the other two in that the sender keeps connection state, but may not necessarily retransmit unacknowledged frames. Likewise, the receiver may hand over received packets to higher layer in the order in</b><br />
<br />
<b>which they arrive, regardless of the original sending order. Typically, each frame is assigned a unique sequence number, which the receiver returns in an acknowledgment frame to indicate which frame the ACK refers to. The sender must retransmit unacknowledged (e.g., lost or damaged) frames.<br />d). Framing<br />The DLL translates the physical layer's raw bit stream into discrete units (messages) called frames. How can the receiver detect frame boundaries? Various techniques are used for this: Length Count, Bit Stuffing, and Character stuffing.<br />e). Error Control<br />Error control is concerned with insuring that all frames are eventually delivered (possibly in order) to a destination. To achieve this, three items are required: Acknowledgements, Timers, and Sequence Numbers.<br />f). Flow Control<br />Flow control deals with throttling the speed of the sender to match that of the receiver. Usually, this is a dynamic process, as the receiving speed depends on such changing factors as the load, and availability of buffer space.<br />1.2.4.2.2 Link Management In some cases, the data link layer service must be ``opened'' before use:<br />•<br />The data link layer uses open operations for allocating buffer space, control blocks, agreeing on the maximum message size, etc.<br />•<br />Synchronize and initialize send and receive sequence numbers with its peer at the other end of the communications channel.<br />1.2.4.2.3 Error Detection and Correction<br />In data communication, error may occur because of various reasons including attenuation, noise. Moreover, error usually occurs as bursts rather than independent, single bit errors. For example, a burst of lightning will affect a set of bits for a short time after the lightning strike. Detecting and correcting errors requires redundancy (i.e., sending additional information along with the data).<br />There are two types of attacks against errors:<br />•<br />Error Detecting Codes: Include enough redundancy bits to detect errors and use ACKs and retransmissions to recover from the errors. Example: parity encoding.<br />•<br />Error Correcting Codes: Include enough redundancy to detect and correct errors. Examples: CRC checksum, MD5. </b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-91127331214838938172014-07-27T20:00:00.000+05:302014-07-27T20:00:02.253+05:30Functions of the OSI Layers - Physical Layer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Functions of the OSI Layers</b><br />
<br />Functions of different layers of the OSI model are presented in this section.<br />1.2.4.1 Physical Layer<br />The physical layer is concerned with transmission of raw bits over a communication channel. It specifies the mechanical, electrical and procedural network interface specifications and the physical transmission of bit streams over a transmission medium connecting two pieces of communication equipment. In simple terns, the physical layer decides the following:<br />•<br />Number of pins and functions of each pin of the network connector (Mechanical)<br />•<br />Signal Level, Data rate (Electrical)<br />•<br />Whether simultaneous transmission in both directions<br />•<br />Establishing and breaking of connection<br />•<br />Deals with physical transmission<br />There exist a variety of physical layer protocols such as RS-232C, Rs-449 standards developed by Electronics Industries Association (EIA).</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-34277523814912682452014-07-27T19:33:00.002+05:302014-08-05T17:29:01.397+05:30Interaction between OSI Layers - interaction between layers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Interaction between OSI Model Layers<br />
<br />
A given layer in the OSI model generally communicates with three other OSI layers: the layer directly above it, the layer directly below it, and its peer layer in other networked computer systems. The data link layer in System A, for example, communicates with the network layer of System A, the physical layer of System A, and the data link layer in System B. Figure1.2.3 illustrates this example.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipRgNNxvOuQMT3iJ7Gb9v6kXOD083dYXdZxgVlvGkIFyAHHBoToZaKNxz7Jv0KEQDnROaSPvHUeX15dXtSurEdH0fVvXxI1SJGyskvJOjtmUKunKGBzCrL84wAeaLp-uvzPhOIloD80mzt/s1600/osi-layers-communication.bmp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipRgNNxvOuQMT3iJ7Gb9v6kXOD083dYXdZxgVlvGkIFyAHHBoToZaKNxz7Jv0KEQDnROaSPvHUeX15dXtSurEdH0fVvXxI1SJGyskvJOjtmUKunKGBzCrL84wAeaLp-uvzPhOIloD80mzt/s1600/osi-layers-communication.bmp" height="320" width="284" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4HFEzxthwuixW5ZLGFWQra-nJH7CPX5BPMYBsRYhbeKeeYC-uKy2ol0UrZ-ekCFSn-o5WPiejn7DEZoHXvpFWt_nDvsj_LHPOnMblDryZtWoufLxMBXpwR2qZPZG5Yyij35djKIDcKvdN/s1600/interaction-network-datalink-layers.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<br />
Services and service access points<br />
One OSI layer communicates with another layer to make use of the services provided by the second layer. The services provided by adjacent layers help a given OSI layer communicate with its peer layer in other computer systems. Three basic elements are involved in layer services: the service user, the service provider, and the service access point (SAP).<br />
In this context, the service user is the OSI layer that requests services from an adjacent OSI layer. The service provider is the OSI layer that provides services to service users. OSI layers can provide services to multiple service users. The SAP is a conceptual location at which one OSI layer can request the services of another OSI layer.<br />
Figure<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4HFEzxthwuixW5ZLGFWQra-nJH7CPX5BPMYBsRYhbeKeeYC-uKy2ol0UrZ-ekCFSn-o5WPiejn7DEZoHXvpFWt_nDvsj_LHPOnMblDryZtWoufLxMBXpwR2qZPZG5Yyij35djKIDcKvdN/s1600/interaction-network-datalink-layers.bmp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4HFEzxthwuixW5ZLGFWQra-nJH7CPX5BPMYBsRYhbeKeeYC-uKy2ol0UrZ-ekCFSn-o5WPiejn7DEZoHXvpFWt_nDvsj_LHPOnMblDryZtWoufLxMBXpwR2qZPZG5Yyij35djKIDcKvdN/s1600/interaction-network-datalink-layers.bmp" height="320" width="289" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipRgNNxvOuQMT3iJ7Gb9v6kXOD083dYXdZxgVlvGkIFyAHHBoToZaKNxz7Jv0KEQDnROaSPvHUeX15dXtSurEdH0fVvXxI1SJGyskvJOjtmUKunKGBzCrL84wAeaLp-uvzPhOIloD80mzt/s1600/osi-layers-communication.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<br />
<br />
OSI Model Layers and Information Exchange<br />
The seven OSI layers use various forms of control information to communicate with their peer layers in other computer systems. This control information consists of specific requests and instructions that are exchanged between peer OSI layers.<br />
Control information typically takes one of two forms: headers and trailers. Headers are prepended to data that has been passed down from upper layers. Trailers are appended to data that has been passed down from upper layers. An OSI layer is not required to attach a header or a trailer to data from upper layers.<br />
Headers, trailers, and data are relative concepts, depending on the layer that analyzes the information unit. At the network layer, for example, an information unit consists of a<br />
<br />
Layer 3 header and data. At the data link layer, however, all the information passed down by the network layer (the Layer 3 header and the data) is treated as data.<br />
In other words, the data portion of an information unit at a given OSI layer potentially can contain headers, trailers, and data from all the higher layers. This is known as encapsulation. Figure 1-6 shows how the header and data from one layer are encapsulated into the header of the next lowest layer.<br />
Figure 1.2.6 Headers and Data can be encapsulated during Information exchange<br />
1.2.3.2 Information Exchange Process<br />
<br />
The information exchange process occurs between peer OSI layers. Each layer in the source system adds control information to data, and each layer in the destination system analyzes and removes the control information from that data.<br />
<br />
If system A has data from software application to send to System B, the data is passed to the application layer. The application layer in System A then communicates any control information required by the application layer in System B by pre-pending a header to the data. The resulting information unit (a header and the data) is passed to the presentation layer, which pre-pends its own header containing control information intended for the presentation layer in System B. The information unit grows in size as each layer pre-pends its own header (and, in some cases, a trailer) that contains control information to be<br />
<br />
used by its peer layer in System B. At the physical layer, the entire information unit is placed onto the network medium.<br />
The physical layer in System B receives the information unit and passes it to the data link layer. The data link layer in System B then reads the control information contained in the header pre-pended by the data link layer in System A. The header is then removed, and the remainder of the information unit is passed to the network layer. Each layer performs the same actions: The layer reads the header from its peer layer, strips it off, and passes the remaining information unit to the next highest layer. After the application layer performs these actions, the data is passed to the recipient software application in System B, in exactly the form in which it was transmitted by the application in System A.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpITGpHLaIC_OurVqAV6DMx-ejGJUBFJjsQYQLjO2IHSnxYW71Y-R55o95Z_s2UscM6azsmSxxybJnoM8kAqMK1FnfdrhRUIIxxwN78gH4DNiBbmubK3WQB9yMOwi7qYCgCSG2cTVlMJrN/s1600/osi-model-headers-data-exchange.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpITGpHLaIC_OurVqAV6DMx-ejGJUBFJjsQYQLjO2IHSnxYW71Y-R55o95Z_s2UscM6azsmSxxybJnoM8kAqMK1FnfdrhRUIIxxwN78gH4DNiBbmubK3WQB9yMOwi7qYCgCSG2cTVlMJrN/s1600/osi-model-headers-data-exchange.bmp" height="286" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-60876730067133653532014-07-27T19:30:00.001+05:302014-07-27T19:30:56.968+05:30Characteristics of the OSI Layers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Characteristics of the OSI Layers</b><br />
<br />The seven layers of the OSI reference model can be divided into two categories: upper layers and lower layers as shown in Fig. 1.2.2.<br />The upper layers of the OSI model deal with application issues and generally are implemented only in software. The highest layer, the application layer, is closest to the end user. Both users and application layer processes interact with software applications that contain a communications component. The term upper layer is sometimes used to refer to any layer above another layer in the OSI model.<br />The lower layers of the OSI model handle data transport issues. The physical layer and the data link layer are implemented in hardware and software. The lowest layer, the physical layer, is closest to the physical network medium (the network cabling, for example) and is responsible for actually placing information on the medium .<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHhSrk6KHNfUeFgf3MoCVkRLxvZloDEVY86xtQTElS-tw0XfnUmW0WFb8nshtBSA5g4B3Gm8AbUcPiaq7Pp2nj52GDevpE5ujZMhKp_yW2Bhcv5vyA1xBWl0WfLip85YxxakLsWJhhru53/s1600/network+layers.bmp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHhSrk6KHNfUeFgf3MoCVkRLxvZloDEVY86xtQTElS-tw0XfnUmW0WFb8nshtBSA5g4B3Gm8AbUcPiaq7Pp2nj52GDevpE5ujZMhKp_yW2Bhcv5vyA1xBWl0WfLip85YxxakLsWJhhru53/s1600/network+layers.bmp" height="320" width="308" /></a><br />
<br />
Protocols<br />The OSI model provides a conceptual framework for communication between computers, but the model itself is not a method of communication. Actual communication is made possible by using communication protocols. In the context of data networking, a protocol is a formal set of rules and conventions that governs how computers exchange information over a network medium. A protocol implements the functions of one or more of the OSI layers.<br />A wide variety of communication protocols exist. Some of these protocols include LAN protocols, WAN protocols, network protocols, and routing protocols. LAN protocols operate at the physical and data link layers of the OSI model and define communication over various LAN media. WAN protocols operate at the lowest three layers of the OSI model and define communication over the various wide-area media. Routing protocols are network layer protocols that are responsible for exchanging information between routers so that the routers can select the proper path for network traffic. Finally, network protocols are the various upper-layer protocols that exist in a given protocol suite. Many protocols rely on others for operation. For example, many routing protocols use network protocols to exchange information between routers. This concept of building upon the layers already in existence is the foundation of the OSI model.<br />
<br /><br />
<b> OSI Model and Communication between Systems</b><br />
<br />Information being transferred from a software application in one computer system to a software application in another must pass through the OSI layers. For example, if a software application in System A has information to transmit to a software application in System B, the application program in System A will pass its information to the application layer (Layer 7) of System A. The application layer then passes the information to the presentation layer (Layer 6), which relays the data to the session layer (Layer 5), and so on down to the physical layer (Layer 1). At the physical layer, the information is placed on the physical network medium and is sent across the medium to System B. The physical layer of System B removes the information from the physical medium, and then its physical layer passes the information up to the data link layer (Layer 2), which passes it to the network layer (Layer 3), and so on, until it reaches the application layer (Layer 7) of System B. Finally, the application layer of System B passes the information to the recipient application program to complete the communication process.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-19096898270087889952014-07-27T19:23:00.002+05:302014-07-27T19:23:15.596+05:30Open System Interconnection(OSI) Reference Model<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><br /></b>
<b>Open System Interconnection Reference Model</b><br />The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model describes how information from a software application in one computer moves through a network medium to a software application in another computer. The OSI reference model is a conceptual model composed of seven layers, each specifying particular network functions. The model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984, and it is now considered the primary architectural model for inter-computer communications. The OSI model divides the tasks involved with moving information between networked computers into seven smaller, more manageable task groups. A task or group of tasks is then assigned to each of the seven OSI layers. Each layer is reasonably self-contained so that the tasks assigned to each layer can be implemented independently. This enables the solutions offered by one layer to be updated without adversely affecting the other layers.<br />The OSI Reference Model includes seven layers:<br />7. Application Layer: Provides Applications with access to network services.<br />6. Presentation Layer: Determines the format used to exchange data among networked computers.<br />
<br />
5. Session Layer: Allows two applications to establish, use and disconnect a connection between them called a session. Provides for name recognition and additional functions like security, which are needed to allow applications to communicate over the network.<br />4. Transport Layer: Ensures that data is delivered error free, in sequence and with no loss, duplications or corruption. This layer also repackages data by assembling long messages into lots of smaller messages for sending, and repackaging the smaller messages into the original larger message at the receiving end.<br />3. Network Layer: This is responsible for addressing messages and data so they are sent to the correct destination, and for translating logical addresses and names (like a machine name FLAME) into physical addresses. This layer is also responsible for finding a path through the network to the destination computer.<br />2. Data-Link Layer: This layer takes the data frames or messages from the Network Layer and provides for their actual transmission. At the receiving computer, this layer receives the incoming data and sends it to the network layer for handling. The Data-Link Layer also provides error-free delivery of data between the two computers by using the physical layer. It does this by packaging the data from the Network Layer into a frame, which includes error detection information. At the receiving computer, the Data-Link Layer reads the incoming frame, and generates its own error detection information based on the received frames data. After receiving the entire frame, it then compares its error detection value with that of the incoming frames, and if they match, the frame has been received correctly.<br />1. Physical Layer: Controls the transmission of the actual data onto the network cable. It defines the electrical signals, line states and encoding of the data and the connector types used. An example is 10BaseT.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHhSrk6KHNfUeFgf3MoCVkRLxvZloDEVY86xtQTElS-tw0XfnUmW0WFb8nshtBSA5g4B3Gm8AbUcPiaq7Pp2nj52GDevpE5ujZMhKp_yW2Bhcv5vyA1xBWl0WfLip85YxxakLsWJhhru53/s1600/network+layers.bmp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHhSrk6KHNfUeFgf3MoCVkRLxvZloDEVY86xtQTElS-tw0XfnUmW0WFb8nshtBSA5g4B3Gm8AbUcPiaq7Pp2nj52GDevpE5ujZMhKp_yW2Bhcv5vyA1xBWl0WfLip85YxxakLsWJhhru53/s1600/network+layers.bmp" height="320" width="308" /></a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-30812137308987162712014-07-27T19:23:00.001+05:302014-07-27T19:23:12.192+05:30Layered network architecture<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
1.2.1<br />Basic concept of layering<br />Network architectures define the standards and techniques for designing and building communication systems for computers and other devices. In the past, vendors developed their own architectures and required that other vendors conform to this architecture if they wanted to develop compatible hardware and software. There are proprietary network architectures such as IBM's SNA (Systems Network Architecture) and there are open architectures like the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model defined by the International Organization for Standardization. The previous strategy, where the computer network is designed with the hardware as the main concern and software is afterthought, no longer works. Network software is now highly structured.<br />To reduce the design complexity, most of the networks are organized as a series of layers or levels, each one build upon one below it. The basic idea of a layered architecture is to divide the design into small pieces. Each layer adds to the services provided by the lower layers in such a manner that the highest layer is provided a full set of services to manage communications and run the applications. The benefits of the layered models are modularity and clear interfaces, i.e. open architecture and comparability between the different providers' components.<br />A basic principle is to ensure independence of layers by defining services provided by each layer to the next higher layer without defining how the services are to be performed. This permits changes in a layer without affecting other layers. Prior to the use of layered protocol architectures, simple changes such as adding one terminal type to the list of those supported by an architecture often required changes to essentially all communications software at a site. The number of layers, functions and contents of each layer differ from network to network. However in all networks, the purpose of each layer is to offer certain services to higher layers, shielding those layers from the details of how the services are actually implemented.<br />The basic elements of a layered model are services, protocols and interfaces. A service is a set of actions that a layer offers to another (higher) layer. Protocol is a set of rules that a layer uses to exchange information with a peer entity. These rules concern both the contents and the order of the messages used. Between the layers service interfaces are defined. The messages from one layer to another are sent through those interfaces.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In an n-layer architecture, layer n on one machine carries on conversation with the layer n on other machine. The rules and conventions used in this conversation are collectively known as the layer-n protocol. Basically, a protocol is an agreement between the communicating parties on how communication is to proceed. Violating the protocol will make communication more difficult, if not impossible. A five-layer architecture is shown in Fig. 1.2.1, the entities comprising the corresponding layers on different machines are called peers. In other words, it is the peers that communicate using protocols. In reality, no data is transferred from layer n on one machine to layer n of another machine. Instead, each layer passes data and control information to the layer immediately below it, until the lowest layer is reached. Below layer-1 is the physical layer through which actual communication occurs. The peer process abstraction is crucial to all network design. Using it, the un-manageable tasks of designing the complete network can be broken into several smaller, manageable, design problems, namely design of individual layers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYENq-tlbtXnBw-AVak_vJRaGMaHgYJ5kXrqdXIvXuhyphenhyphenITDdKBVWGpSxAxetK7w8SrMZBnGD7G2JLv6nSmlbbh9E_Pqaev89si7dir8YQMYgpcAgMuUKck3oMHzRqLljdtds0nSBqvspYI/s1600/five-layer-architecture.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYENq-tlbtXnBw-AVak_vJRaGMaHgYJ5kXrqdXIvXuhyphenhyphenITDdKBVWGpSxAxetK7w8SrMZBnGD7G2JLv6nSmlbbh9E_Pqaev89si7dir8YQMYgpcAgMuUKck3oMHzRqLljdtds0nSBqvspYI/s1600/five-layer-architecture.bmp" height="202" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Between each pair of adjacent layers there is an interface. The interface defines which primitives operations and services the lower layer offers to the upper layer adjacent to it. When network designer decides how many layers to include in the network and what each layer should do, one of the main considerations is defining clean interfaces between adjacent layers. Doing so, in turns requires that each layer should perform well-defined functions. In addition to minimize the amount of information passed between layers, clean-cut interface also makes it simpler to replace the implementation of one layer with a completely different implementation, because all what is required of new implementation is that it offers same set of services to its upstairs neighbor as the old implementation (that is what a layer provides and how to use that service from it is more important than knowing how exactly it implements it).<br />
<br />
A set of layers and protocols is known as network architecture. The specification of architecture must contain enough information to allow an implementation to write the program or build the hardware for each layer so that it will correctly obey the appropriate protocol. Neither the details of implementation nor the specification of interface is a part of network architecture because these are hidden away inside machines and not visible from outside. It is not even necessary that the interface on all machines in a network be same, provided that each machine can correctly use all protocols. A list of protocols used by a certain system, one protocol per layer, is called protocol stack.<br />
<br />Summary: Why Layered architecture?<br />1. To make the design process easy by breaking unmanageable tasks into several smaller and manageable tasks (by divide-and-conquer approach).<br />2. Modularity and clear interfaces, so as to provide comparability between the different providers' components.<br />3. Ensure independence of layers, so that implementation of each layer can be changed or modified without affecting other layers.<br />4. Each layer can be analyzed and tested independently of all other layers.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-82567026089489482642014-07-21T19:49:00.002+05:302014-07-21T19:49:57.026+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Kitchen appliances</div>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140595235548056428' frameborder=0 height=680 width=200></iframe>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-12769656067942949552014-07-11T16:58:00.006+05:302014-07-11T16:58:51.164+05:30Computer Networks - E-mail Security<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
E-mail Security:<br />
<br />When an e-mail is sent between two distant sites it usually transits many machines on the way. Any one of the intermediate machines can read and record the message for future use. Here privacy is the major issue that people using e-mail demand. In the following section we discuss widely used e-mail secure systems like PGP, PEM, and S/MIME.<br /><br />
<b>PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)</b><br />
<br />PGP is essentially the brainchild of one person, Phil Zimmermann. PGP is a complete e-mail security package that provides privacy, authentication, digital signatures, and compression, all in an easy to use form. Due to its easy availability on UNIX, Linux, Windows it is widely used today.<br /><br />
PGP encrypts data by using a block cipher called IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm). It uses 128-bit keys. IDEA is similar to DES. It mixes up bits in a series of rounds, key management uses RSA, and data integrity uses MD5.<br />In actuality, PGP uses a seies of private key, public key and one-way hash functions to encrypt a message. A one-way hash function takes some plaintext and translates it into a specific hash. The hash is unique to the message (like a fingerprint is to a person). The hash is also non-reversable, hence the name one-way.<br /><br />
PGP supports text compression, secrecy and digital signatures and also provides extensive key management facilities. It is more of a preprocessor that takes plain text as input and produces signed cipher text in base 64 as output.<br /><br />
In private-key cryptography one key is used by both parties. One problem with this kind of encryption is that if the key is intercepted, a third party could decrypt the messages. So, the idea of public-key cryptography was developed. Everyone has two keys: a public and a private key. When someone wants to send something to a recipient, they (the sender) encrypt it with the recipient's public key. Then the only way to decrypt it is with the recipient's private key.<br /><br />
One of the other benefits to PGP is that it allows the sender to "sign" their messages. This proves that the message came from the sender and has not been altered in transport. Based on this theory, PGP allows everyone to publicize their public keys, while keeping their private keys secret. The result is that anyone can encrypt a message to someone else, as long as they have that person's public key.<br />
<br /><b>PEM: Privacy Enhanced Mail</b><br />
<br />PEM was developed in late 1980‘s and is an official internet standard. It also covers the same territory as PGP: Privacy and authentication based e-mail systems. It has some differences from PGP in approach and technology.<br /><br />
Messages sent using PEM are first converted to a canonical form so they all have the same conventions about white space. Message hash is computed using MD2 or MD5. The concatenation of hash and the message is encrypted using DES. The encrypted message is then encoded with base 64 coding and transmitted to the recipient.<br />The only problem with the PEM is nobody ever used it and the problem was largely political.<br />
<br /><b>S/MIME</b><br />
<br />S/MIME is Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension is a set of secure email standards, which specify not only how to encrypt and sign messages, but also how to handle keys, certificates, and crypto algorithms.<br /><br />
The S/MIME specification fails to discuss the main defect. Further, the document tells implementers nothing about how to Sign & Encrypt. The S/MIME specification merely cautions users and implementers not to over-rely on a message's security.<br />
<br /><b>XML Security</b><br />
<br />The XML-Signatures draft specification and the allied XML-Encryption Working Group have explicitly committed to producing low-level ``toolkit'' specifications, which will describe how to combine basic public-key operations with a rich array of XML document-structuring features. In particular, both groups are very unwilling to stipulate any high-level security behaviour, such as how to sign and encrypt with full security.<br /><br />
To some extent, this is proper: these standards are intended to support as broad a class of applications as possible, including document preparation and handling, financial applications, wire protocols, and potentially even intricate cryptographic security protocols. The Secure XML Working Groups say that they don't want to require secure high-level behavior in their specifications, because they don't want to constrain how low-level applications will use XML's security features. The WGs explicitly hope that a higher-level XML security specification, with out-of-the-box ``idiot-proof'' security, will be built someday to follow on the current WGs' specifications.<br /><br />But for now, certainly, the XML-Signatures draft specification is most suitable for use only by experienced security engineers and cryptographers, and not for application programmers who don't want to specialize in security.<br /><br />
Self Assessment Questions<br />1. List E-mail secure systems<br />2. PGP encrypts data by using a block cipher called _______<br />3. PGP uses _______-bit keys<br />4. In PEM, Message hash is computed using.<br />5. The only problem with the ______ is nobody ever used</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-64247957547876483822014-07-11T16:35:00.001+05:302014-07-11T16:35:20.990+05:30Network security - Cryptography - Substitution cipher<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Substitution cipher:<br />
<br />The first encrypted messages were developed in ancient Egypt as series of disordered hieroglyphics. This means of encryption was very simple, utilizing a method called simple substitution. The original message, or plaintext, was encoded using a substitution cipher. Each letter (or picture) of the plaintext was simply replaced by another letter of the alphabet, resulting in the encoded message, or cipher text.<br />For example:<br />The message or the plain text is ― ATTACK ―<br />Could be encrypted as, ―BUUBDL‖<br />In this example, each letter of the plaintext was simply replaced with the next letter in the alphabet. That is the key used is +1. Actually, this example is a special form of substitution cipher known as a Caesar Cipher, attributed to Julius Caesar.<br />
<br />An alphabet is an ordered set of symbols. For example, the normal English alphabet consists of the symbols {A, B, C,..., Z}. is an ordered set of symbols. A simple substitution is one in which each letter of the plaintext is always replaced by the same cipher text symbol. In other words, there is a 1-1 relationship between the letters of the plaintext and the cipher text alphabets.<br />
<br />For the normal English alphabet, how many different cipher text alphabets can we get if we use the same letters? In other words, in how many different ways can we permute or rearrange the English alphabet? The answer is 26!. That's approximately equal to the 403291461126605635584000000. To understand how we got that number imagine that you are given the task of making an arbitrary permutation of the English alphabet. You have to make 26 choices.<br />On the first choice you can choose any one of the 26 letters in the alphabet. On the second choice you can choose any one of the remaining 25 letters. On the third choice you can choose any one of the remaining 24 letters. And so on. On the last choice, there is just one letter remaining. So, in all there are 26! = 26 x 25 x 24 x ... x 1 different ways to make these choices.<br />
<br />Although there are 26! Possible cipher text alphabets, any fan of puzzle books or newspaper cryptograms knows that simple substitution ciphers are relatively easy to break by hand by analyzing letter frequencies and guessing at common words.<br /><br />
The nine most frequent letters in English are E, T, N, A, O, R, I, S, and H. The five letters that occur least often are J, K, Q, X, and Z. Generally, we would need a letter of considerable length in order to make very good use of our knowledge of letter frequencies.<br /><br />The most common two letter combinations or digrams are: th, in, er, re, and an etc.<br />The most common three letter combinations or trigrams are : the, ing, and, and ion.<br /><br />
For example, consider the following cipher text message from an account firm: It is arranged into group of five:<br />CTBMN BYCTC BTJDS QXBNS GSTJC BTSWX CTQTZ CQVUJ<br />QJSGS TJQZZ MNQJS VLNSX VSZJU JDSTS JQUUS JUBXJ<br />DSKSU JSNTK BGAQJ ZBGYQ TLCTZ BNYBN QJSW<br /><br />
A likely word will be financial in an accounting firm:<br />The financial word has repeated letter (i ), with four other letters between their occurrences. We look for repeated letters in the cipher text with four letter spacing.<br />We get at positions: 6, 15, 27, 31, 42, 48, 56, 66, 70, 71, 76, and 82.<br />The next letter to i is n which is also repeated with one letter between them.<br /><br />
Only two out of these 31 and 42 have the repeated in proper place. And now we have only 31 has the letter a correctly positioned. Thus we know financial begins at position 30.<br />Substitution preserves the order of the plain text but disguise them. Thus deducing key is easy by using the frequency statistics for English text or may be any language.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-51571452771090953842014-07-11T16:30:00.002+05:302014-07-11T16:30:55.732+05:30Network Security - Introduction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Network Security<br />
<br />
Introduction:<br />
<br />Network Security in its simplest form is concerned with making sure that unauthorised people cannot read or worse and secretly modify the message for intended recipients.<br />Network security consists of the provisions made in an underlying computer network infrastructure. These are policies adopted by the network administrator to protect the network and the network-accessible resources from unauthorized access and the effectiveness (or lack) of these measures combined together.<br />Computer security is more like providing means of self-defence to each individual citizen of the country. In computer security the measures taken are focused on securing individual computer hosts. A computer host whose security is compromised is likely to infect other hosts connected to a potentially unsecured network. A computer host's security is vulnerable to users with higher access privileges to those hosts.<br /><br />
Objective<br /><br /><br />
1. Define Network security<br />2. What is cryptography?<br />3. Explain the encryption model<br />4. Discuss different e-mail securities.<br />5. Explain on DES<br />6. What is digital signature? Discuss its benefits and drawbacks.<br />
<br />Network Security - Continued<br /><br />
Most of the security problems are intentionally caused by malicious people trying to gain benefit, get attention or to harm others. Making the system secure involves more than<br />just keeping it from programming errors.<br /><br />
<u><b>Few security problems</b></u><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Network security problems can be divided roughly into four categories:<br />1. Secrecy: It is also called confidentially. It has to do with keeping<br />information out of hands of unauthorised users.<br />2. Authentication: It deals with determining who the destination or<br />recipient is before revealing sensitive information or entering into a<br />business deal.<br />3. Non-repudiation: It deals with signatures. Example how do one prove<br />that the order was placed by the customer.<br />4. Integrity control: something like malicious adversary modified in transit.<br /><br />
Integrity and secrecy are achieved by using registered mails and locking<br />documents. People authenticate other people by faces, voices, and<br />handwriting etc. proof of signing is handled by signatures on letterhead<br />paper, raised seals etc. Network security can be handled at various levels or<br />layers.<br /><br />In the physical layer, wire tapping can be avoided by enclosing transmission lines in sealed tubes. This technique is used in military systems. At data link layer, packets on a point to point line can be encrypted as they leave one machine and decrypted as they enter another. In the network layer firewalls can be installed to keep the good packets and bad packet are thrown out. IP security is also included in this layer. At transport layer, entire connections can be encrypted, end to end, and process to process. Finally issues like authentication and non-repudiation can only be handled in the application layer.<br /><br />
Self Assessment Questions<br />1. Define Kirchoff‘s principle of encryption?<br />2. Give the classification of network security.<br />3. State true or false: People authenticate other people by faces, voices, and handwriting<br />4. State true or false: At the physical layer firewalls can be installed<br />5. Issues like authentication and non-repudiation can only be handled in the _______ layer.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-82718242756879823182014-06-30T13:00:00.002+05:302014-06-30T13:02:42.174+05:30Ladies hand bags - flipkart<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br /></div>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140411342025392916' frameborder=0 height=160 width=780></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140411354780056435' frameborder=0 height=160 width=780></iframe>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-69726990360203335662014-06-30T12:13:00.003+05:302014-06-30T12:13:29.984+05:30Men Footware Lotto<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br /></div>
<iframe src="http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140411050950718834" style="width:120px;height:240px;" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" ></iframe>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-40073604549638395532014-06-25T15:06:00.000+05:302014-06-25T17:57:37.853+05:30moto g mobile online shopping<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br /></div>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<iframe src="http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140369781978950540" style="width:120px;height:240px;" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" ></iframe>
</td>
<td>
<iframe src="http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140369799176172503" style="width:120px;height:240px;" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" ></iframe>
</td>
<td>
<iframe src="http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140326475392656081" style="width:120px;height:240px;" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" ></iframe>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140368936382669189' frameborder=0 height=680 width=200></iframe>
</td>
<td>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140368947395718933' frameborder=0 height=600 width=160></iframe>
</td>
<td>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140369826698097411' frameborder=0 height=680 width=200></iframe>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140308991638275336' height=55 width=590 scrolling='no' frameborder=0></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140369911204528715' frameborder=0 height=130 width=590></iframe>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-44354271510100548392014-06-25T14:50:00.001+05:302014-06-25T15:37:22.280+05:30moto g mobile, moto e mobile, moto x mobile<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br /></div>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140368781879941475' frameborder=0 height=90 width=728></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140368773102835128' frameborder=0 height=160 width=780></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140308991638275336' height=55 width=660 scrolling='no' frameborder=0></iframe>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-67200089963101816702014-06-25T12:41:00.002+05:302014-06-25T12:56:56.466+05:30Moto e mobile phone<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br /></div>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140367991452148056' frameborder=0 height=251 width=300></iframe>
</td>
<td rowspan=2>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140368053014443145' frameborder=0 height=680 width=200></iframe> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140368020442944879' frameborder=0 height=251 width=300></iframe>
<td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140368074832368222' frameborder=0 height=250 width=300></iframe>
</td>
<td rowspan=3 >
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140368090776878751' frameborder=0 height=680 width=200></iframe>
</td>
</tr>
<td>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140368111317127037' frameborder=0 height=251 width=300></iframe>
</td>
</tr>
</table>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-70445313496172929462014-06-25T12:29:00.001+05:302014-06-25T12:33:32.198+05:30Online shopping mobiles laptops tablet pc mobile-accessories cameras<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br /></div>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140308991638275336' height=55 width=660 scrolling='no' frameborder=0></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140367335096329466' frameborder=0 height=250 width=300></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140367335096329466' frameborder=0 height=250 width=300></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140367345044792252' frameborder=0 height=250 width=300></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140367351897637538' frameborder=0 height=250 width=300></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140367355189492318' frameborder=0 height=250 width=300></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140309003077539693' frameborder=0 height=250 width=300></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140309003077539693' frameborder=0 height=250 width=300></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140367367294671546' frameborder=0 height=600 width=160></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140367369272892349' frameborder=0 height=90 width=728></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140309205799913743' frameborder=0 height=250 width=300></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140309190198713204' frameborder=0 height=250 width=300></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140367374950482262' frameborder=0 height=250 width=300></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140367376250998955' frameborder=0 height=250 width=300></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140367378195428354' frameborder=0 height=250 width=300></iframe>
<iframe src='http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-140367388172567408' frameborder=0 height=160 width=780></iframe>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-16434147072154122892012-11-28T13:55:00.002+05:302014-05-24T14:49:35.929+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="date-outer" style="color: #333333;">
<div class="date-posts">
<div class="post-outer" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); margin: 0px -20px 20px; padding: 15px 20px;">
<div class="post hentry" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" style="min-height: 0px; position: relative;">
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; width: 608px;">
<h5 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
</h5>
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; width: 608px;">
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; width: 608px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> Programming with C</span></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; width: 608px;">
<br />
<ul class="hierarchy" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; text-align: left;">
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a class="toggle" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2733978612107819299" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012_11_17_archive.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Nov 17</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(13)</span><ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-introduction_16.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C language - Introduction</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-features-of.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language - Features of C</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-basic.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language - Basic structure of C...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-simple-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language - A simple C Program</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-more-simple.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language - More simple C progra...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-summary.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language - Summary</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-self.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language - Self Assesment Quest...</a> </li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-basic_16.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language - Exercises</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">Programming with C Language: Basic Pointer Operat... </li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-pointers-and.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C - Pointers and Onedimensional...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-null-pointers.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C - Null Pointers.</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-pointers-as-function.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C - Pointers as Function Argumen...</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="hierarchy" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; text-align: left;"></ul>
<a class="toggle" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2733978612107819299" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012_11_20_archive.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Nov 20</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(1)</span></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; width: 608px;">
<span class="post-count" dir="ltr"> </span><ul class="hierarchy" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; text-align: left;">
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
</ul>
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/c-programming-operators-c-programming.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">C Programming Operators: C programming language...</a><ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="hierarchy" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; text-align: left;">
<li><a class="toggle" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2733978612107819299" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012_11_23_archive.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Nov 23</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(31)</span></li>
</ul>
<span class="post-count" dir="ltr"> </span></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; width: 608px;">
<span class="post-count" dir="ltr"> </span><br /><ul class="hierarchy" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; text-align: left;">
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/storage-classes-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Storage Classes in C</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"> <a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/structures-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Structures in C</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/the-preprocessor-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">The Preprocessor in C</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/operators-and-expressions-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Operators and Expressions in C</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/making-decisions-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Making Decisions in C</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/dynamic-memory-allocation-and-linked.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Dynamic memory allocation and Linked list</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/introduction-to-c-programming.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to C Programming(Advanced)</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/pointers-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Pointers in C</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/some-more-data-types-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Some More Data Types in C</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/control-statements-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Control Statements in C</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/constants-variables-and-declarations-in.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Constants, Variables and Declarations in C</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/input-and-output-operators-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Input and Output operators in C</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/arrays-and-strings-in-c_23.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Arrays and Strings in C</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/structures-and-unions-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Structures and Unions in C</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/file-management-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">File Management in C</a></li>
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/functions-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Functions in C</a> <u><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></u></li>
</ul>
<u><span style="font-size: large;"></span></u></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; text-align: left; width: 608px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; text-align: left; width: 608px;">
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; text-align: left; width: 608px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; text-align: left; width: 608px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; text-align: left; width: 608px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; text-align: left; width: 608px;">
Data Structures using C Programming language</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; text-align: left; width: 608px;">
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; text-align: left; width: 608px;">
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; width: 608px;">
<ul class="hierarchy" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; text-align: left;">
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-linked-lists.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Linked Lists</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"> <a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-overview-of_23.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Overview of Data Str...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"> <a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-searching.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Searching Methods</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"> <a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-trees.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Trees</a> </li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-data-structures-using-c_23.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Data Structures using ‘C’ - Minimum Span...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-sorting-methods.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Sorting Methods</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-overview-of_2249.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Overview of Stack</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-data-structures-using-c-splay.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Data Structures using ‘C’ - Splay Trees...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-data-structures-using-c-file.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Data Structures using ‘C’ - File Struct...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-overview-of.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Overview of Queues</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-data-structures-using-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Data Structures using ‘C’ - Advanced Top...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-graphs.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using ‘C’ - Graphs</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-data-structures-using-c-graphs.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Data Structures using ‘C’ - Graphs and th...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-arrays-pointers.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Arrays, Pointers and...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-data-structures-using-c-graphs_23.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Data Structures using ‘C’ - Graphs and t...</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h5 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/home-page.html" style="color: #6699cc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.4; text-decoration: none;">Objected Oriented Programming (OOP) with C++</a></h5>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a class="toggle" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/file-input-and-output-in-c.html" style="background-color: white; color: #6699cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="zippy toggle-open" style="line-height: 0.6em;">▼ </span> </a><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;"></span><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/search?updated-min=2012-01-01T00:00:00%2B05:30&updated-max=2013-01-01T00:00:00%2B05:30&max-results=50" style="background-color: white; color: #6699cc; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -15px;">2012</a><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;"> </span><span class="post-count" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;">(132)</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;"></span><br />
<ul class="hierarchy" style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;">
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em; text-indent: 0px;"><a class="toggle" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/file-input-and-output-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open" style="line-height: 0.6em;">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/search?updated-min=2012-10-01T00:00:00%2B05:30&updated-max=2012-11-01T00:00:00%2B05:30&max-results=19" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">October</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(19)</span><ul class="hierarchy" style="border: 0px none; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em;"><a class="toggle" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/file-input-and-output-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open" style="line-height: 0.6em;">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012_10_23_archive.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Oct 23</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(19)</span></li>
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em;"><span class="post-count" dir="ltr"> </span></li>
</ul>
<ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"> <a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/introduction-to-oop-and-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to OOP and C++</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/structure-of-program-probably-best-way.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Structure of a program Probably the best way to sta...</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/understanding-c-program-structure.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Understanding C++ Program Structure</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/objects-and-classes-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Objects and Classes in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/exception-handling.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Exception Handling:</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/functions-and-structures-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Functions and Structures in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/object-oriented-programming-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Object Oriented Programming in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/inheritance-virtual-functions-and.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Inheritance, Virtual Functions, and Polymorph...</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/templates-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Templates in C++</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/functions-and-structures-in-c_16.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Functions and Structures in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/operator-overloading-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Operator Overloading in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/arrays-and-strings-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Arrays and Strings in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/multiple-inheritance-virtual-functions.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Multiple Inheritance, Virtual Functions And Polym...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/this-pointer-friends-and-static.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">This Pointer, Friends, and Static Functions in C++...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/exception-handling-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Exception Handling in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/file-input-and-output-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">File Input and Output in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/the-iostream-library-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">The iostream Library in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/inheritance-and-pointers-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Inheritance and Pointers in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/c-basic-programming-statements.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">C++ Basic Programming Statements</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/objects-and-classes-in-c_16.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Objects and Classes in C++,</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span class="post-count" dir="ltr"> </span><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/operator-overloading-in-c_26.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Operator Overloading in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/static-member-functions-consider.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Static member functions</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/welcome-to-object-oriented.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Welcome to Object Oriented Programming(OOP) with C...</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/basic-components-of-c-program.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Basic components of a C++ Program</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/derivation-and-inheritance-multiple.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Derivation and Inheritance, Multiple Inheritance a...</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/this-pointer-friends-and-static.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">This Pointer, Friends, and Static Functions Struc...</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/introduction-to-oop-and-c-evolution-of.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to OOP and C++, Evolution of Programm...</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/c-basic-programming-statements-structure.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">C++ Basic Programming Statements Structure</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/arrays-and-strings-in-c-structure.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Arrays and Strings in C++ Structure</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/the-iostream-library-structure.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">The iostream Library Structure</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/functions-and-structures-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Functions and Structures in C++</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/templates-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Templates in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/objects-and-classes-structure-in-c.html" style="color: #33aaff; text-decoration: none;">Objects and Classes Structure in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/exception-handling-structure-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Exception Handling Structure in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/operator-overloading-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Operator Overloading in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/inheritance-and-pointers-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Inheritance and Pointers in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/introduction-to-uml-unit-7-introduction.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to U...</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/multiple-inheritance-virtual-functions.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Multiple Inheritance, Virtual Functions And Polym...</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/file-input-and-output-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">File Input and Output in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/file-input-and-output-in-c_22.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">File Input and Output in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/c-basic-programming-statements-structure.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">C++ Basic Programming Statements Structure</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/introduction-to-oop-and-c-evolution-of.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to OOP and C++, Evolution of Programming methodologies</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/this-pointer-friends-and-static.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">This Pointer, Friends, and Static Functions Structure</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/derivation-and-inheritance-multiple.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Derivation and Inheritance, Multiple Inheritance and Virtual Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/basic-components-of-c-program.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Basic components of a C++ Program</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/static-member-functions-consider.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Static member functions</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/objects-and-classes-in-c_16.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Objects and Classes in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/c-basic-programming-statements.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">C++ Basic Programming Statements</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/inheritance-and-pointers-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Inheritance and Pointers in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/the-iostream-library-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">The iostream Library in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/exception-handling-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Exception Handling in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/this-pointer-friends-and-static.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">This Pointer, Friends, and Static Functions in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/multiple-inheritance-virtual-functions.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Multiple Inheritance, Virtual Functions And Polymorphism in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/arrays-and-strings-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Arrays and Strings in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/functions-and-structures-in-c_16.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Functions and Structures in C++</a></li>
<li><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/file-input-and-output-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">File Input and Output in C++</a></li>
<li><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/multiple-inheritance-virtual-functions.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Multiple Inheritance, Virtual Functions And Polymorphism</a><br />
<div>
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/introduction-to-uml-unit-7-introduction.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to UML</a><br />
<br />
</div>
</h3>
</li>
<li>
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/inheritance-and-pointers-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Inheritance and Pointers in C++</a>
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/exception-handling-structure-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Exception Handling Structure in C++</a></li>
<li>
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/objects-and-classes-structure-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Objects and Classes Structure in C++</a></li>
<li>
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/templates-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Templates in C++</a></li>
<li>
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/functions-and-structures-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Functions and Structures in C++</a></li>
<li>
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/the-iostream-library-structure.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">The iostream Library Structure</a></li>
<li>
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/arrays-and-strings-in-c-structure.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Arrays and Strings in C++ Structure</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toggle" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2733978612107819299" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/search?updated-min=2012-11-01T00:00:00%2B05:30&updated-max=2012-12-01T00:00:00%2B05:30&max-results=50" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">November</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(134)</span><span class="zippy toggle-open"> </span><span class="zippy toggle-open"> </span><a class="toggle" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2733978612107819299" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open"> </span></a></li>
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="zippy toggle-open"> ▼ </span> <a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012_11_16_archive.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Nov 16</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(29)</span></li>
</ul>
<ul class="hierarchy" style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;">
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="post-count" dir="ltr"></span><ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/constructors-and-destructors-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Constructors and destructors in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/c-friend-function-and-friend-class.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">C++ Friend function and Friend Class</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/model-question-paper-for-subject-oops.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">MODEL QUESTION PAPER FOR SUBJECT: OOPS USING C++</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/static-member-function-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">static member function in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/static-member-functions-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Static member functions in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/operator-overloading-example-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Operator overloading example in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/using-class-objects-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Using class objects in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/c-polymorphism.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">C++ Polymorphism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<span class="post-count" dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<span class="post-count" dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: large;">Data Communication and Computer Networks</span> </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<ul class="hierarchy" style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;">
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em; text-indent: 0px;"><ul style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="hierarchy" style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;">
<li class="archivedate collapsed" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em; text-indent: 0px;"></li>
</ul>
<ul class="hierarchy" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; text-align: left;">
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a class="toggle" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2733978612107819299" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012_11_24_archive.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Nov 24</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(37)</span><ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/layered-network-architecture.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Layered Network Architecture</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-communication-fundamentals.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Communication Fundamentals</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-communication-fundamentals_24.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Communication Fundamentals</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-communication-fundamentals-digital.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Communication Fundamentals - Digital Data, An...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-communication-fundamentals-digital_24.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Communication Fundamentals - Digital Data, An...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-link-control.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Link control</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-link-control-flow-controland-error.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Link control - Flow Controland Error Contr...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/switched-communication-networks.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Switched Communication Networks Switching Techni...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/switched-communication-networks_24.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Switched Communication Networks Synchronous Opti...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/switched-communication-networks-frame.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Switched Communication Networks Frame Relay</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/switched-communication-networks-frame_24.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Switched Communication Networks Frame Relay</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks Network Topolog...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks-ieee.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks IEEE CSMS/CD ba...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks-high.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks High Speed LANs...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks_24.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks Wireless LANs</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks_5987.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks Cellular Teleph...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/internetworking-internetworking-devices.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Internetworking Internetworking Devices</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/internetworking-transport-and.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Internetworking Transport and Application Layer ...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/routing-and-congestion-control-rip.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Routing and Congestion Control RIP – Routing</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/routing-and-congestion-control-border.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Routing and Congestion Control Border Gateway Pr...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/network-security-cryptography.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Network Security Cryptography</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/network-security-firewalls.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Network Security Firewalls</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/network-security-secured-communication.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Network Security Secured Communication</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/congestion-control-congestion-control.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Congestion Control Congestion Control</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/routing-and-congestion-control-open.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Routing and Congestion Control Open Shortest Pat...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/routing-and-congestion-control-basics.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Routing and Congestion Control Basics of Routing...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/internetworking-internet-protocol-ip.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Internetworking Internet Protocol (IP)</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks_8661.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks Satellite Netwo...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks_164.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks Bluetooth</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks-high_24.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks High Speed LANs...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks-ieee_24.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks IEEE Ring LANs</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks-medium.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks Medium Access C...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/switched-communication-networks_5470.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Switched Communication Networks Asynchronous Tra...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/switched-communication-networks-x25.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Switched Communication Networks X.25</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/switched-communication-networks_1792.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Switched Communication Networks Switching Techni...</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-link-control-hdlc.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Link control HDLC</a></li>
<li style="border: medium none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-link-control-error-detection-and.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Link control Error Detection and Correction...</a></li>
</ul>
<u>JAVA PROGRAMMING </u><br />
<ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<a class="toggle" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2733978612107819299" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012_11_26_archive.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Nov 26</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(23)</span><br />
<ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-basics-of-java.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming - Basics of Java</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-playing-with-java.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming - Playing with Java</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-getting.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming -- Getting StartedStructure1.1 In...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-multithreading.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming - Multithreading</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-exception-handling.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming - Exception Handling</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-inheritance-package.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming - Inheritance, Package and Interf...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-jdbc.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming - JDBC</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-streams-in-java.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming -- Streams in Java</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-jsp-and-servlets.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming - JSP and Servlets</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-creating-front-end.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming -- Creating Front End</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/home-page.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Home Page</a></li>
</ul>
<u>Advanced JAVA programming</u></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-rmi.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming - RMI</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-jsp.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming JSP</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-networking.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming - Networking</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-servlets.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming - Servlets</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-java-beans.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming -- Java Beans</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-jdbc.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming - JDBC</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-introduction.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming -- Introduction to AJAX</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-corba.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming -- CORBA</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-introduction_26.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming -- Introduction to Java ...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-rmi-corba-and-java.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming - RMI, CORBA and Java Beans</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/home-page-programming-with-c-c-java-and.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Home Page- Programming with C, C++, JAVA and</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="hierarchy" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;">
<li class="archivedate collapsed" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="post-count" dir="ltr"> </span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="post-header" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;">
<div class="post-header-line-1">
</div>
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2203260132807319150" itemprop="description articleBody" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 578px;">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div id="wrapper">
<div class="clear-block" id="container">
<div id="center">
<div id="squeeze">
<div class="right-corner">
<div class="left-corner">
<div class="contentSummary">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<ul class="posts">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-57005354660482498362012-11-26T18:13:00.002+05:302014-05-19T13:23:12.566+05:30Programming with C, C++, JAVA and Data Structures<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; width: 608px;">
</div>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5700535466048249836" itemprop="description articleBody" style="position: relative; width: 608px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> Programming with C</span></div>
<br />
<ul class="hierarchy" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a class="toggle" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2733978612107819299" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012_11_17_archive.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Nov 17</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(13)</span><ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-introduction.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C language - Introduction</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"> </li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-features-of.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language - Features of C</a> </li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"> </li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-basic.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language - Basic structure of C...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-simple-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language - A simple C Program</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-more-simple.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language - More simple C progra...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-summary.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language - Summary</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-self.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language - Self Assesment Quest...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-exercises.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language - Exercises</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-introduction_16.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C language - Introduction</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-language-basic_16.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C Language: Basic Pointer Operat...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-pointers-and.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C - Pointers and Onedimensional...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-null-pointers.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C - Null Pointers.</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-with-c-pointers-as-function.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming with C - Pointers as Function Argumen...</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="hierarchy" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a class="toggle" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2733978612107819299" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012_11_20_archive.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Nov 20</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(1)</span><ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/c-programming-operators-c-programming.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">C Programming Operators: C programming language...</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="hierarchy" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a class="toggle" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2733978612107819299" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012_11_23_archive.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Nov 23</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(31)</span><ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/structures-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Structures in C</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/storage-classes-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Storage Classes in C</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/the-preprocessor-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">The Preprocessor in C</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/operators-and-expressions-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Operators and Expressions in C</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/making-decisions-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Making Decisions in C</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/dynamic-memory-allocation-and-linked.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Dynamic memory allocation and Linked list</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/introduction-to-c-programming.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to C Programming</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/pointers-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Pointers in C</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/some-more-data-types-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Some More Data Types in C</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/control-statements-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Control Statements in C</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/constants-variables-and-declarations-in.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Constants, Variables and Declarations in C</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/input-and-output-operators-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Input and Output operators in C</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/arrays-and-strings-in-c_23.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Arrays and Strings in C</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/structures-and-unions-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Structures and Unions in C</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/file-management-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">File Management in C</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/functions-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Functions in C</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-data-structures-using-c-splay.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Data Structures using ‘C’ - Splay Trees...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-data-structures-using-c-file.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Data Structures using ‘C’ - File Struct...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-overview-of.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Overview of Queues</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-data-structures-using-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Data Structures using ‘C’ - Advanced Top...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-graphs.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using ‘C’ - Graphs</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-data-structures-using-c-graphs.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Data Structures using ‘C’ - Graphs and th...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-arrays-pointers.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Arrays, Pointers and...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-data-structures-using-c-graphs_23.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Data Structures using ‘C’ - Graphs and t...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-trees.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Trees</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-overview-of_23.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Overview of Data Str...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-searching.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Searching Methods</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-linked-lists.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Linked Lists</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-data-structures-using-c_23.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Data Structures using ‘C’ - Minimum Span...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-sorting-methods.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Sorting Methods</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-structures-using-c-overview-of_2249.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Structures using „C‟ - Overview of Stack</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<h5 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/home-page.html" style="color: #6699cc; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.4; text-decoration: none;">Objected Oriented Programming (OOP) with C++</a></h5>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a class="toggle" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/file-input-and-output-in-c.html" style="background-color: white; color: #6699cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="zippy toggle-open" style="line-height: 0.6em;">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/search?updated-min=2012-01-01T00:00:00%2B05:30&updated-max=2013-01-01T00:00:00%2B05:30&max-results=50" style="background-color: white; color: #6699cc; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -15px;">2012</a><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;"> </span><span class="post-count" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;">(132)</span><br />
<ul class="hierarchy" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;">
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em; text-indent: 0px;"><a class="toggle" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/file-input-and-output-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open" style="line-height: 0.6em;">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/search?updated-min=2012-10-01T00:00:00%2B05:30&updated-max=2012-11-01T00:00:00%2B05:30&max-results=19" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">October</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(19)</span><ul class="hierarchy" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em;"><a class="toggle" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/file-input-and-output-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open" style="line-height: 0.6em;">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012_10_23_archive.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Oct 23</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(19)</span><ul class="posts" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/static-member-functions-consider.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Static member functions</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/welcome-to-object-oriented.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Welcome to Object Oriented Programming(OOP) with C...</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/basic-components-of-c-program.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Basic components of a C++ Program</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/derivation-and-inheritance-multiple.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Derivation and Inheritance, Multiple Inheritance a...</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/this-pointer-friends-and-static.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">This Pointer, Friends, and Static Functions Struc...</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/introduction-to-oop-and-c-evolution-of.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to OOP and C++, Evolution of Programm...</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/c-basic-programming-statements-structure.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">C++ Basic Programming Statements Structure</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/arrays-and-strings-in-c-structure.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Arrays and Strings in C++ Structure</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/the-iostream-library-structure.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">The iostream Library Structure</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/functions-and-structures-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Functions and Structures in C++</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/templates-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Templates in C++</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/objects-and-classes-structure-in-c.html" style="color: #33aaff; text-decoration: none;">Objects and Classes Structure in C++</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/exception-handling-structure-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Exception Handling Structure in C++</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/operator-overloading-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Operator Overloading in C++</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/inheritance-and-pointers-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Inheritance and Pointers in C++</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/introduction-to-uml-unit-7-introduction.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to U...</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/multiple-inheritance-virtual-functions.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Multiple Inheritance, Virtual Functions And Polym...</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/file-input-and-output-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">File Input and Output in C++</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/file-input-and-output-in-c_22.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">File Input and Output in C++</a></li>
<li style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.496094); border-top-style: dashed; border-top-width: 0px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em;">
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/c-basic-programming-statements-structure.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">C++ Basic Programming Statements Structure</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/introduction-to-oop-and-c-evolution-of.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to OOP and C++, Evolution of Programming methodologies</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/this-pointer-friends-and-static.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">This Pointer, Friends, and Static Functions Structure</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/derivation-and-inheritance-multiple.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Derivation and Inheritance, Multiple Inheritance and Virtual Functions</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/basic-components-of-c-program.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Basic components of a C++ Program</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/static-member-functions-consider.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Static member functions</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/objects-and-classes-in-c_16.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Objects and Classes in C++</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/c-basic-programming-statements.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">C++ Basic Programming Statements</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/inheritance-and-pointers-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Inheritance and Pointers in C++</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/the-iostream-library-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">The iostream Library in C++</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/exception-handling-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Exception Handling in C++</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/this-pointer-friends-and-static.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">This Pointer, Friends, and Static Functions in C++</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/multiple-inheritance-virtual-functions.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Multiple Inheritance, Virtual Functions And Polymorphism in C++</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/arrays-and-strings-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Arrays and Strings in C++</a></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/functions-and-structures-in-c_16.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Functions and Structures in C++</a></div>
<div class="mulncontentbody">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/file-input-and-output-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">File Input and Output in C++</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/multiple-inheritance-virtual-functions.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Multiple Inheritance, Virtual Functions And Polymorphism</a><br />
<div>
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/introduction-to-uml-unit-7-introduction.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to UML</a></div>
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/inheritance-and-pointers-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Inheritance and Pointers in C++</a></h3>
</div>
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/exception-handling-structure-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Exception Handling Structure in C++</a><br />
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/objects-and-classes-structure-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Objects and Classes Structure in C++</a><br />
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/templates-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Templates in C++</a><br />
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/functions-and-structures-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Functions and Structures in C++</a><br />
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/the-iostream-library-structure.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">The iostream Library Structure</a><br />
<a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/10/arrays-and-strings-in-c-structure.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Arrays and Strings in C++ Structure</a><br />
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="hierarchy" style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;">
<li class="archivedate collapsed" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em; text-indent: 0px;"><br /></li>
<li class="archivedate collapsed" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em; text-indent: 0px;"><a class="toggle" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2733978612107819299" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/search?updated-min=2012-11-01T00:00:00%2B05:30&updated-max=2012-12-01T00:00:00%2B05:30&max-results=50" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">November</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(134)</span></li>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li class="archivedate collapsed" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em; text-indent: 0px;"><br /></li>
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px;"><a class="toggle" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2733978612107819299" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012_11_16_archive.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Nov 16</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(29)</span><ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/constructors-and-destructors-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Constructors and destructors in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/c-friend-function-and-friend-class.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">C++ Friend function and Friend Class</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/model-question-paper-for-subject-oops.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">MODEL QUESTION PAPER FOR SUBJECT: OOPS USING C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/static-member-function-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">static member function in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/static-member-functions-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Static member functions in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/operator-overloading-example-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Operator overloading example in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/using-class-objects-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Using class objects in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/c-polymorphism.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">C++ Polymorphism</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/structure-of-program-probably-best-way.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Structure of a programProbably the best way to sta...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/understanding-c-program-structure.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Understanding C++ Program Structure</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/objects-and-classes-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Objects and Classes in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/exception-handling.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Exception Handling:</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/functions-and-structures-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Functions and Structures in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/programming-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Programming in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/object-oriented-programming-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Object Oriented Programming in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/inheritance-virtual-functions-and.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Inheritance, Virtual Functions, and Polymorph...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/templates-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Templates in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/introduction-to-oop-and-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Introduction to OOP and C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/functions-and-structures-in-c_16.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Functions and Structures in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/operator-overloading-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Operator Overloading in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/arrays-and-strings-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Arrays and Strings in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/multiple-inheritance-virtual-functions.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Multiple Inheritance, Virtual Functions And Polym...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/this-pointer-friends-and-static.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">This Pointer, Friends, and Static Functions in C++...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/exception-handling-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Exception Handling in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/file-input-and-output-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">File Input and Output in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/the-iostream-library-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">The iostream Library in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/inheritance-and-pointers-in-c.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Inheritance and Pointers in C++</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/c-basic-programming-statements.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">C++ Basic Programming Statements</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/objects-and-classes-in-c_16.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Objects and Classes in C++,</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span class="post-count" dir="ltr"> </span><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/operator-overloading-in-c_26.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Operator Overloading in C++</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
</li>
<li class="archivedate collapsed" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="post-count" dir="ltr"> </span></li>
<li class="archivedate collapsed" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="post-count" dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: large;">Data Communication and Computer Networks</span> </span></li>
</ul>
<li class="archivedate collapsed" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em; text-indent: 0px;"><br /></li>
</ul>
<ul class="hierarchy" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li class="archivedate expanded" style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a class="toggle" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2733978612107819299" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012_11_24_archive.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Nov 24</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(37)</span><ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style: disc; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/layered-network-architecture.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Layered Network Architecture</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-communication-fundamentals.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Communication Fundamentals</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-communication-fundamentals_24.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Communication Fundamentals</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-communication-fundamentals-digital.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Communication Fundamentals - Digital Data, An...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-communication-fundamentals-digital_24.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Communication Fundamentals - Digital Data, An...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-link-control.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Link control</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-link-control-flow-controland-error.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Link control - Flow Controland Error Contr...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/switched-communication-networks.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Switched Communication Networks Switching Techni...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/switched-communication-networks_24.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Switched Communication Networks Synchronous Opti...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/switched-communication-networks-frame.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Switched Communication Networks Frame Relay</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/switched-communication-networks-frame_24.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Switched Communication Networks Frame Relay</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks Network Topolog...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks-ieee.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks IEEE CSMS/CD ba...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks-high.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks High Speed LANs...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks_24.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks Wireless LANs</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks_5987.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks Cellular Teleph...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/internetworking-internetworking-devices.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Internetworking Internetworking Devices</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/internetworking-transport-and.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Internetworking Transport and Application Layer ...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/routing-and-congestion-control-rip.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Routing and Congestion Control RIP – Routing</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/routing-and-congestion-control-border.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Routing and Congestion Control Border Gateway Pr...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/network-security-cryptography.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Network Security Cryptography</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/network-security-firewalls.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Network Security Firewalls</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/network-security-secured-communication.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Network Security Secured Communication</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/congestion-control-congestion-control.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Congestion Control Congestion Control</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/routing-and-congestion-control-open.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Routing and Congestion Control Open Shortest Pat...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/routing-and-congestion-control-basics.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Routing and Congestion Control Basics of Routing...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/internetworking-internet-protocol-ip.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Internetworking Internet Protocol (IP)</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks_8661.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks Satellite Netwo...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks_164.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks Bluetooth</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks-high_24.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks High Speed LANs...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks-ieee_24.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks IEEE Ring LANs</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/broadcast-communication-networks-medium.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Broadcast Communication Networks Medium Access C...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/switched-communication-networks_5470.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Switched Communication Networks Asynchronous Tra...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/switched-communication-networks-x25.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Switched Communication Networks X.25</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/switched-communication-networks_1792.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Switched Communication Networks Switching Techni...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-link-control-hdlc.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Link control HDLC</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/data-link-control-error-detection-and.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Data Link control Error Detection and Correction...</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
<u>JAVA PROGRAMMING </u><br />
</li>
</ul>
<a class="toggle" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2733978612107819299" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zippy toggle-open">▼ </span> </a><a class="post-count-link" href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012_11_26_archive.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Nov 26</a> <span class="post-count" dir="ltr">(23)</span><br />
<ul class="posts" style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-basics-of-java.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming - Basics of Java</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-playing-with-java.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming - Playing with Java</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-getting.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming -- Getting StartedStructure1.1 In...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-multithreading.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming - Multithreading</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-exception-handling.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming - Exception Handling</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-inheritance-package.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming - Inheritance, Package and Interf...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-jdbc.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming - JDBC</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-streams-in-java.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming -- Streams in Java</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-jsp-and-servlets.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming - JSP and Servlets</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-creating-front-end.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming -- Creating Front End</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/home-page.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Home Page</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-rmi.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming - RMI</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-jsp.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming JSP</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-networking.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming - Networking</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-servlets.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming - Servlets</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-java-beans.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming -- Java Beans</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-jdbc.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming - JDBC</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-introduction.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming -- Introduction to AJAX</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-corba.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming -- CORBA</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/advanced-java-programming-introduction_26.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Advanced Java Programming -- Introduction to Java ...</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/java-programming-rmi-corba-and-java.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Java Programming - RMI, CORBA and Java Beans</a></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://oop-cpp.blogspot.in/2012/11/home-page-programming-with-c-c-java-and.html" style="color: #6699cc; text-decoration: none;">Home Page- Programming with C, C++, JAVA and</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="hierarchy" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: -15px;">
<li class="archivedate collapsed" style="background-image: none; border: 0px none; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.2em; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="post-count" dir="ltr"> </span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-78325048504899445312012-11-26T18:12:00.000+05:302014-05-09T13:00:51.141+05:30Java Programming -- Creating Front End<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]-->
<b>Java Programming -- Creating Front End </b><br />
<br />
Structure 7.1 Introduction Objectives<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.2 Applets<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.2.1 Introduction<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.2.2 Objectives<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.2.3 What are Applets?<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.2.4 The Applet Class<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.2.5 The Applet and HTML <br />
<br />
7.2.6 Life Cycle of an Applet<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.2.7 The Graphics Class <br />
<br />
7.2.8 Painting the Applet<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.2.9 User Interfaces for Applet<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.2.10 Adding Components to user
interface<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.2.11 AWT Controls Self Assessment
Questions<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.3 Event Handling<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.3.1 Introduction<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.3.2 Components of an Event<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.3.3 Event Classes<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.3.4 Event Listener<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.3.5 Event-Handling <br />
<br />
7.3.6 Adapter Classes <br />
7.3.7 Inner Classes <br />
7.3.8 Anonymous Classes Self Assessment Questions<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.4 Summary <br />
7.5 Terminal Questions <br />
<br />
Java Programming Unit 7 <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.1 Introduction Internet as of today
has become an inseparable part of life used widely for accessing libraries,
getting information on latest happenings,transfering information, sending email
and communicating with others. Java programs written to run on World Wide Web
(WWW) are called as applets. Since applets are run on a different machine,
security becomes a critical issue. Another probable disadvantage of applets
would be the slight flickering that would be inevitable in animations but there
is light at the end of the tunnel since a separate buffer can be used for the
images which can then be superimpose on to the window or canvas. Objectives In
this chapter, you will learn about the: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Applet Classes.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Ø</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Life Cycle of an applet.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Ø</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Creating an applet<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Ø</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Handling different types of event.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Ø</span></span> <br />
<br />
7.2 Applets <br />
7.2.1 Introduction Today Internet has become an inevitable part of life. It
is used for accessing libraries, getting information on latest happening, to
transfer information, send email and communicate with others. Java has become a
prime language today in making web pages interactive and user friendly. Java
programs written to run on World Wide Web (WWW) are called as applets. Since
applets are run on a different machine, security becomes a critical issue. <br />
<br />
7.2.2 Objectives In this unit you will learn how to write applets and how to
include them in web pages. It is possible to change the colors, font of the
text, set different <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>background colors
for different applets and make them look more attractive. Applets can be added
to web pages by using the applet tag in the HTML document. You will also learn
to add graphics to applets. Example is given to explain how to make the applets
interactive. <br />
<br />
7.2.3 What are Applets? An applet is a Java program that can be embedded in
a web page. Java applications are run by using a Java interpreter. Applets are
run on any browser that supports Java. Applets can also be tested using the
appletviewer tool included in the Java Development Kit. In order to run an
applet it must be included in a web page, using HTML tags. When a user browsers
a web server and runs it on the user’s system. Applets have certain
restrictions put on them. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They can not
read or write files on the user’s system.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They can not load or run any programs stored
on the user’s system.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> All applets are subclasses of the Applet class in the
java.applet package. Applets do not have main () method. All applets must be
declared public. An applet displays information on the screen by using the
paint method. This method is available in java.wat.Component class. This method
takes an instance of the class Graphics as parameter. The browser creates an
instance of Graphics class and passes to the method paint (). Graphics class
provides a method drawString to display text. It also requires position to be
specified as arguments. <br />
<br />
7.2.4 The Applet Class The java.applet package is the smallest package in
the Java API. The Applet class is the only class in the package. An applet is
automatically loaded and executed when you open a web page that contains it.
The Applet class has over 20 methods that are used to display images, play
audio files, and respond when you interact with it. The applet runs in a web
page that is loaded in a web browser. The environment of the applet is known as
the context of the applet. You can retrieve the context using the
getAppletContext () method. The life cycle of an applet is implemented using
init (), start (), stop (), and destroy (). Use javac to compile applets and
appletviewer to execute them. You can view applets in any browser that is
Java-enabled. <br />
<br />
7.2.5 The Applet and HTML The Applet tag is used to embed an applet in an
HTML document the Applet tag takes zero or more parameters. The Applet Tag The
Applet tag is written the Body tag of an HTML document. Syntax The most
commonly used attributes of the Applet tag are CODE, HEIGHT, WIDTH, CODEBASE
and ALT. You can send parameters to the applet using the PARAM tag. The PARAM
tag must be written between Example <br />
<br />
7.2.6 Life Cycle of an Applet<br />
You can describe the life cycle of an applet
through four methods. These methods are: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The init () method.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The start () method.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The stop () method.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The destroy () method.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
The
init () method<br />
The init () method is called the first time an applet is loaded
into the memory of a computer. You can initialize variables, and add components
like buttons and check boxes to the applet in the init () method.<br />
<br />
The start ()
method<br />
The start () method is called immediately after the init () method and
every time the applet receives focus as a result of scrolling in the active
window. You can use this method when you want to restart a process, such as
thread animation, every time the applet receives the focus.<br />
<br />
The stop () method<br />
The stop () method is called every time the applet loses the focus. You can use
this method to reset variables and stop the threads that are running.<br />
<br />
The
destroy () method<br />
The destroy () method is called by the browser when the user
moves to another page. You can use this method to perform clean-up operations
like closing a file. The following diagram depicts the life cycle of an applet.
It is not mandatory to use any or all the methods of the applet. These methods
are called automatically by the Java environment, and hence, must be declared
public. None of the methods accept parameters.<br />
<br />
For example, public void init ()
{ } All but the most trivial applets override a set of methods that provides
the basic mechanism by which the browser or applet viewer interfaces to the
applet and controls its execution. Four of these methods—init( ), start( ),
stop( ), and destroy( ) – are defined by Applet.<br />
Another, paint( ), is defined
by the AWT Component class. Default implementations for all of these methods
are provided. Applets do not need to override those methods they do not use.
However, only very simple applets will not need to define all of them.<br />
<br />
These
five methods can be assembled into the skeleton shown here:<br />
// An Applet
skeleton.<br />
import java.awt.*;<br />
import java.applet.*;<br />
/* */<br />
public class
AppletSkel extends Applet<br />
{<br />
// Called first.<br />
public void init() {<br />
//
initialization<br />
}<br />
/* Called second, after init(). Also called whenever the
applet is restarted. */<br />
public void start()<br />
{<br />
// start or resume execution<br />
}<br />
//
Called when the applet is stopped.<br />
public void stop()<br />
{<br />
// suspends execution<br />
}<br />
/* Called when applet is terminated. This is the last method executed. */<br />
public void destroy()<br />
{<br />
// perform shutdown activities<br />
}<br />
<br />
7.2.7 The Graphics Class<br />
The Graphics class is an abstract class that represents the display area of the
applet. It is apart of the java.awt package. It is used for drawing on the
display are of the applet. The Graphics class provides methods to draw a number
of graphical figure including <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tex<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>t <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lines<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Circle
and ellipse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rectangle and polygons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Images.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A few of the methods are given
below.<br />
<br />
public abstract void drawString (String text, int x, int y)<br />
public
abstract void drawLine (int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2)<br />
public abstract void
drawRect (int x1, int y1, int width, int height)<br />
public abstract void fillRect
(int x, int y1, int width, int height)<br />
public abstract void clearRect (int x,
int y1, int width, int height)<br />
public abstract void draw3DRect (int x1, int y1,
int width, int height, boolean raised)<br />
public abstract void drawRoundRect (int
x1, int y1, int width, int height, int arcWidth, int arcHeight )<br />
public
abstract void fillRoundRect (int x1, int y1, int width, int height, int
arcWidth, int arcHeight )<br />
public abstract void drawOval (int x1, int y1, int
width, int height)<br />
public abstract void fillOval (int x, int y1, int width, int
height)<br />
<br />
You cannot create an object of the Graphics class since it is abstract.
You can use the method getGraphics () to obtain an object of the class. <br />
<br />
7.2.8 Painting the Applet<br />
When you scroll to an applet, the screen has to be
refreshed to show the new content. Windows handles this by marking the area
(rectangle ) that has to be refreshed. The area is then painted to display the
result of scrolling. This is handled by the update () and paint () methods. The
update () method The update () method takes a Graphics class object as a
parameter. When the applet area needs to be redrawn, the Windows system starts
the painting process. The update () method is called to clear the screen and
calls the paint () method. The screen is then refreshed by the system. The
paint () method The paint () method draws the graphics of the applet in the
drawing area. The method is automatically called the first time the applet is
displayed on the screen and every time the applet receives the focus. The paint
() method can be triggered by invoking the repaint () method. The paint ()
method of the applet takes an object of the Graphics class as a parameter.<br />
<br />
Example<br />
Step 1: Coding<br />
Step 2: Compiling and Executing<br />
Step 3: Output<br />
<br />
The repaint ()
method: You can call the repaint () method when you want the applet area to be
redrawn. The repaint () method calls the update () method to signal that the
applet has to be updated. The default action of the update () method is to
clear the applet area and call the paint () method. You can override the update
() method if you do not want the applet area o be cleared. The following
program uses the paint () and repaint () methods to check when the init (),
start (), and stop () methods of an applet are called. As a general rule, an
applet writes to its window only when its update( ) or paint( ) method is
called by the AWT. This raises an interesting question: How can the applet
itself cause its window to be updated when its information changes? For
example, if an applet is displaying a moving banner, what mechanism does the
applet use to update the window each time this banner scrolls? Remember, one of
the fundamental architectural constraints imposed on an applet is that it must
quickly return control to the AWT run-time system. It cannot create a loop
inside paint( ) that repeatedly scrolls the banner, for example. This would
prevent control from passing back to the AWT. Given this constraint, it may seem
that output to your applet's window will be difficult at best. Fortunately,
this is not the case. Whenever your applet needs to update the information
displayed in its window, it simply calls repaint( ). The repaint( ) method is
defined by the AWT. It causes the AWT run-time system to execute a call to your
applet's update( ) method, which, in its default implementation, calls paint(
). Thus, for another part of your applet to output to its window, simply store
the output and then call repaint( ). The AWT will then execute a call to paint(
), which can display the stored information. For example, if part of your
applet needs to output a string, it can store this string in a String variable
and then call repaint( ). Inside paint( ), you will output the string using
drawString( ).<br />
<br />
The repaint( ) method has four forms.<br />
Let's look at each one, in
turn. The simplest version of repaint( ) is shown here:<br />
void repaint( )<br />
This
version causes the entire window to be repainted. The following version
specifies a region that will be repainted:<br />
void repaint(int left, int top, int
width, int height)<br />
import java.awt.*;<br />
import java.applet.*;<br />
/* */<br />
public class
Test extends Applet<br />
{<br />
int initcounter=0;<br />
int startcounter=0;<br />
int stopcounter=0;<br />
int destroycounter=0; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>public void init() { initcounter++; repaint
();<br />
}<br />
public void start()<br />
{<br />
startcounter++; repaint ();<br />
}<br />
public void stop()<br />
{<br />
stopcounter++; repaint ();<br />
} public void destroy()<br />
{ destroycounter++; repaint
();<br />
} public void paint (Graphics g)<br />
{<br />
g.drawString ("init has been
invoked " + String.valueOf(initcounter) +"times",20,20);<br />
g.drawString ("start has been invoked " +
String.valueOf(startcounter) +"times",20,35);<br />
g.drawString
("stop has been invoked " + String.valueOf(stopcounter)
+"times",20,50);<br />
g.drawString ("destroy has been invoked "
+ String.valueOf(destroycounter) +"times",20,65);<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
7.2.9 User
Interfaces for Applet The Abstract windowing Toolkit, also called as AWT is a
set of classes, enabling the user to create a user friendly, graphically user
interface (GUI). It will also facilitate receiving user input from the mouse
and keyboard. The AWT classes are part of the java.awt package. The user
interface consists of the following three: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Components – Anything that can be put on the
user interface. This<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Ø</span></span>
includes buttons, check boxes, pop-up menus, text fields. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Containers – This is a component that can
contain other components.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Ø</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Layout manager –
These define how the components will be arranged in a<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Ø</span></span> container. The statement
import java.awt.*; imports all the components, containers and layout managers
necessary for designing the user interface.<br />
<br />
The AWT supplies the following
components. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Labels (java.awt.Label)<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Buttons (java.awt.Button)<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Checkboxes (java.awt.Checkbox)<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Single- line text field (java.awt.TextField)<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Larger text display and editing areas
(java.awt.TextArea)<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Pop-up lists of choices
(java.awt.Choice)<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Lists (java.awt.List)<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Sliders and scrollbars (java.awt.Scrollbar )<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Drawing areas (java.awt.Canvas)<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Menus (java.awt.Menu, java.awt.MenuItem,
java.awt.CheckboxMenuItem )<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Containers (java.awt.Panel, java.awt.Window
and its subclasses)<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><br />
<br />
7.2.10 Adding Components to user interface Because all applets are containers,
components can be added directly to the applet windows. The following steps add
a component: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Create the component by
creating an object of that class.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Call the
Container’s adds method to add the component.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> Labels Labels display non
editable text. To create a label use one of the following: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>label () – create an empty label.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>label (String) – creates a label with the
given string.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>label (String, int ) – creates a label
with the given string and<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> right, left or center alignment. Buttons Clickable
buttons can be created from the Button class. You can create a button by using
either of the following: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Button () –
Creates a button without any label. Use setLabel (String)<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> to
display a text on the button. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Button
(String) – Creates a button with the given string as the label.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span>
Checkboxes They are labeled or unlabeled boxes that can be either checked off
or empty. They are used for selecting some option. Use one of the following to
create them. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Checkbox () – Creates a
checkbox without any label.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Checkbox
(String) – Creates a labeled checkbox.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> When many checkboxes are
there any number of them can be checked or unchecked. Checkboxes can be
organized into groups so that only one of them can be checked at a time. The
following statements a checkbox group:<br />
CheckboxGroup mygroup = new
CheckboxGroup (); <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
To create a checkbox,
belonging to this group, use the following statement.<br />
Checkbox c1 = new
Checkbox (―Manipal‖, mygroup,true);<br />
<br />
The following program creates label,
checkbox and buttons. TextFields TextField is an editable component. Text field
can be created by using one of the following: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TextField () – Creates an empty text field.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> TextField (String) – Creates a text field with
the specified string.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TextField
(String,int ) – Creates a text field with the specified<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> String and specified
width. The TextField class has several useful methods: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The getText () method returns the text in the
field.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The setText (String ) method fills the
field with the string.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The setEditable
(boolean) methods decides whether the filed hould be<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> editable or not depending
upon the Boolean value. The is Editable () method returns a Boolean value
indicating wheteher<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span>
the filed is editable or not. Text Areas These are editable text fields having
more than one line of input. Use one of the following to create a text area. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TextArea () – Creates an empty text area.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TextArea (rows,character) – Creates a text
area of rows specified and<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> width to accommodate the character specified. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TextArea (String)<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TextArea (String,rows,character)<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> The
methods available in case of Text filed can also be used here. In addition to
that the following methods could be used: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The insert (String, charindex) method inserts
the indicated string at<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> the position indicated by the second argument. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The replace (string, startpos,endpos) method
replaces the txt between<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> the given integer positions with the indicated string.<br />
<br />
7.2.11 AWT Controls<br />
GUI Category Control AWT Class Name Basic Controls Button Combo box List Menu
Slider Toolbar Text Field Button ComboBox List Menu,MenuBar,MenuItem Slider
Toolbar TextField,PasswordField,TextArea Uneditable Display Label Tooltip
Progress bar Label ToolTip ProgressBar Editable Display Table Text Tree Color
chooser File chooser Table TextPane,TextArea Tree ColoChooser FileChooser
Space-Saving Containers Scroll pane Split pane Tabbed pane ScrollPane,ScrollBar
SplitPane TabbedPane Top-Level Containers Frame Applet Dialog Frame Applet Dialog<br />
<br />
Self Assessment Questions <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
What is an
applet?<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Applet class is defined under which
packages?<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
What are the different attribute of an
applet tag?<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
What are the use of update and paint
method?<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
7.3 Event Handling<br />
<br />
7.3.1 Introduction Event-handling is essential to GUI
programming. The program waits for a user to perform some action. The user
controls the sequence of operations that the application executes through a
GUI. This approach is called event-driven programming. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Error! 7.3.2 Components of an Event An event
comprises of three components: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Event
Object – When the user interacts with the application by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pressing a key or clicking a mouse button, an
event is generated. The operating system traps this event and the data
associated with it, for example, the time at which the event occurred, the
event type (like a keypress or a mouse click). This data is then passed on to
the application to the application to which the event belongs. In Java, events
are represented by objects that describe the events themselves. Java has a
number of classes that describe and handle different categories of event. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Event Source – An event source is an object
that generates an event.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, if you click on a button, an
ActionEvent object is generated. The object of the ActionEvent class contains
information about the event. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Event-handler – An event-handler is a method
that understands the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>event and processes it. The event-handler
method takes an Event object as a parameter.<br />
<br />
7.3.3 Event Classes<br />
The
EventObject class is at the top of the event class hierarchy. It belongs to the
java.util package. Most other event classes are present in the java.awt.event
package. The hierarchy of the event classes is show below. The
java.util.EventObject and the java.awt.AWTEvent classes do not belong to the
java.awt.event package. The hierarchy of the JDK 1.2 event classes is given below.<br />
<br />
The getSource () method of the EventObject class returns the object that
initiated the event. The getID () method returns the event ID that represents
the nature of the event. For example, if a mouse event occurs, you can find out
whether the event was a click, a drag, a move, a press, or a release from the
event object. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Let us see when various events are generated: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An ActionEvent object is generated when a
component is activated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An AdjustmentEvent
object is generated when scrollbars and other<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adjustable elements are used. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A ContainerEvent object is generated when
components are added to or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>removed from a container.<br />
<br />
A FocusEvent object is generated when a
component receives focus for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>input. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An ItemEvent object is generated when an item
from a list, a choice,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or a check box is selected. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A KeyEvent object is generated when a key on
the keyboard is pressed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
MouseEvent object is generated when the mouse is used.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A PaintEvent object is generated when a
component is painted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
TextEvent object is generated when the text of a text component is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>modified.<br />
<br />
7.3.4 Event Listener An object
delegates the task of handling an event to an event listener. When an event
occurs, an event object of the appropriate type (as given above) is created.
This object is passed to the listener. A listener must implement the interface
that has the method for event-handling. A component can have multiple
listeners. A listener can be removed using the removeActionListener () method. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
Example 7.3.5 Event-Handling<br />
When an event
occurs, it is sent to the component from where the event originated. The
component registers a listener, which contains event-handler. Event-handler
receives and process events. Every event has a corresponding listener interface
that specifies the methods that are required to handle the event. Event object
are reported to registered listener. To enable a component to handle events,
you must register an appropriate listener for the component. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
Example<br />
class ButtonListener implements
ActionListener<br />
{<br />
public void actionPerformed (ActionEvent evt)<br />
{<br />
Button source
= (Button)evt.getSource();<br />
Source.setLable (―Button clicked’’);<br />
{<br />
}<br />
<br />
How does
the above application work? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
execution begins with the main () method.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An object of the MYFrame class is created in
the main () method.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The constructor of the MYFrame class is
called.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span>
The super () method calls the constructor of the base class (Frame)<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span> and
sets the title of the window. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A button
object is created and placed at the center of the window.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A listener object is created.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The addActionListener () method registers the
listener object for the<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span> button. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
application waits for the user to interact with it.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the user clicks on the button-<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ActionEvent event is generated.<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An ActionEvent object is created and is
delegated to the registered<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> listener object for processing. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The listener object contains the
actionPerformed () method, which<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> processes the ActionEvent. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the actionPerformed () method, the
reference to the event source is<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> retrived using the getSource () method. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally, the label of the button is changed
using the setLabel ()<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> method. The ActionEvent Class An ActionEvent is
generated when a button is pressed, a list item is double-clicked, or a menu
item is selected. The ActionEvent class defines four integer constants that can
be used to identify any modifiers associated with an action event: ALT_MASK,<br />
CTRL_MASK,<br />
META_MASK, and<br />
SHIFT_MASK.<br />
In addition, there is an integer
constant, ACTION_PERFORMED, which can be used to identify action events.
ActionEvent has these two constructors:<br />
ActionEvent(Object src, int type,
String cmd) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
ActionEvent(Object src, int
type, String cmd, int modifiers)<br />
<br />
Here, src is a reference to the object that
generated this event. The type of the event is specified by type, and its
command string is cmd. The argument modifiers indicates which modifier keys
(ALT, CTRL, META, and/or SHIFT) were pressed when the event was generated. You
can obtain the command name for the invoking ActionEvent object by using the
getActionCommand( ) method, shown here:<br />
<br />
String getActionCommand( )<br />
<br />
For example,
when a button is pressed, an action event is generated that has a command name
equal to the label on that button. The getModifiers( ) method returns a value
that indicates which modifier keys (ALT, CTRL, META, and/or SHIFT) were pressed
when the event was generated. Its form is shown here: int getModifiers( ) The
AdjustmentEvent Class An AdjustmentEvent is generated by a scroll bar. There
are five types of adjustment events. The AdjustmentEvent class defines integer
constants that can be used to identify them. The constants and their meanings
are shown here: BLOCK_DECREMENT The user clicked inside the scroll bar to decrease
its value. BLOCK_INCREMENT The user clicked inside the scroll bar to increase
its value. TRACK The slider was dragged. UNIT_DECREMENT The button at the end
of the scroll bar was clicked to decrease its value. UNIT_INCREMENT The button
at the end of the scroll bar was clicked to increase its value. In addition,
there is an integer constant, ADJUSTMENT_VALUE_ CHANGED, that indicates that a
change has occurred. AdjustmentEvent has this constructor:
AdjustmentEvent(Adjustable src, int id, int type, int data) Here, src is a
reference to the object that generated this event. The id equals
ADJUSTMENT_VALUE_CHANGED. The type of the event is specified by type, and its
associated data is data. The getAdjustable( ) method returns the object that
generated the event. Its form is shown here: Adjustable getAdjustable( ) The
type of the adjustment event may be obtained by the getAdjustmentType( )
method. It returns one of the constants defined by AdjustmentEvent. The general
form is shown here: int getAdjustmentType( ) The amount of the adjustment can
be obtained from the getValue( ) method, shown here: int getValue( ) For
example, when a scroll bar is manipulated, this method returns the value
represented by that change. The ComponentEvent Class A ComponentEvent is
generated when the size, position, or visibility of a component is changed.<br />
<br />
There are four types of component events.<br />
The ComponentEvent class defines
integer constants that can be used to identify them. The constants and their
meanings are shown here: COMPONENT_HIDDEN The component was hidden.
COMPONENT_MOVED The component was moved. COMPONENT_RESIZED The component was
resized. COMPONENT_SHOWN The component became visible. ComponentEvent has this
constructor: ComponentEvent(Component src, int type) Here, src is a reference
to the object that generated this event. The type of the event is specified by
type. ComponentEvent is the superclass either directly or indirectly of
ContainerEvent, FocusEvent, KeyEvent, MouseEvent, and WindowEvent. The
getComponent( ) method returns the component that generated the event. It is
shown here: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Component getComponent( )
The ContainerEvent Class A ContainerEvent is generated when a component is
added to or removed from a container. There are two types of container events.
The ContainerEvent class defines int constants that can be used to identify
them: COMPONENT_ADDED and COMPONENT_REMOVED. They indicate that a component has
been added to or removed from the container.<br />
<br />
ContainerEvent is a subclass of
ComponentEvent and has this constructor:<br />
ContainerEvent(Component src, int
type, Component comp)<br />
Here, src is a reference to the container that generated
this event. The type of the event is specified by type, and the component that
has been added to or removed from the container is comp. You can obtain a
reference to the container that generated this event by using the getContainer(
) method, shown here: Container getContainer( ) The getChild( ) method returns
a reference to the component that was added to or removed from the container.
Its general form is shown here: Component getChild( )<br />
<br />
The FocusEvent Class<br />
A
FocusEvent is generated when a component gains or loses input focus. These
events are identified by the integer constants FOCUS_GAINED and FOCUS_LOST.
FocusEvent is a subclass of ComponentEvent and has these constructors: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
FocusEvent(Component src, int type)<br />
FocusEvent(Component src, int type, boolean temporaryFlag)<br />
<br />
Here, src is a
reference to the component that generated this event. The type of the event is
specified by type. The argument temporaryFlag is set to true if the focus event
is temporary. Otherwise, it is set to false. (A temporary focus event occurs as
a result of another user interface operation. For example, assume that the
focus is in a text field. If the user moves the mouse to adjust a scroll bar,
the focus is temporarily lost.) The isTemporary( ) method indicates if this
focus change is temporary. Its form is shown here: boolean isTemporary( ) The
method returns true if the change is temporary. Otherwise, it returns false.
The InputEvent Class The abstract class InputEvent is a subclass of
ComponentEvent and is the superclass for component input events. Its subclasses
are KeyEvent and MouseEvent.<br />
<br />
The InputEvent class defines the following eight
integer constants that can be used to obtain information about any modifiers
associated with this event:<br />
ALT_MASK<br />
BUTTON2_MASK<br />
META_MASK<br />
ALT_GRAPH_MASK<br />
BUTTON3_MASK SHIFT_MASK<br />
BUTTON1_MASK CTRL_M<br />
<br />
The isAltDown( ), isAltGraphDown(
), isControlDown( ), isMetaDown( ), and isShiftDown( ) methods test if these
modifiers were pressed at the time this event was generated. The forms of these
methods are shown here:<br />
<br />
boolean isAltDown( )<br />
boolean isAltGraphDown( )<br />
boolean
isControlDown( )<br />
boolean isMetaDown( )<br />
boolean isShiftDown( )<br />
<br />
The getModifiers(
) method returns a value that contains all of the modifier flags for this
event. Its signature is shown here: int getModifiers( ) The ItemEvent Class An
ItemEvent is generated when a check box or a list item is clicked or when a
checkable menu item is selected or deselected. (Check boxes and list boxes are
described later in this book.) There are two types of item events, which are
identified by the following integer constants: DESELECTED The user deselected
an item. SELECTED The user selected an item. In addition, ItemEvent defines one
integer constant, ITEM_STATE_CHANGED, that signifies a change of state.
ItemEvent has this constructor: ItemEvent(ItemSelectable src, int type, Object
entry, int state) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here,
src is a reference to the component that generated this event. For example,
this might be a list or choice element. The type of the event is specified by
type. The specific item that generated the item event is passed in entry. The
current state of that item is in state. The getItem( ) method can be used to
obtain a reference to the item that generated an event. Its signature is shown
here: Object getItem( ) The getItemSelectable( ) method can be used to obtain a
reference to the ItemSelectable object that generated an event. Its general
form is shown here: ItemSelectable getItemSelectable( ) Lists and choices are
examples of user interface elements that implement the ItemSelectable
interface. The getStateChange( ) method returns the state change (i.e.,
SELECTED or DESELECTED) for the event. It is shown here: int getStateChange( )<br />
<br />
The KeyEvent Class<br />
A KeyEvent is generated when keyboard input occurs. There
are three types of key events, which are identified by these integer constants:
KEY_PRESSED, KEY_RELEASED, and KEY_TYPED. The first two events are generated
when any key is pressed or released. The last event occurs only when a
character is generated. Remember, not all key presses result in characters. For
example, pressing the SHIFT <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>key does not generate a character. There are
many other integer constants that are defined by KeyEvent. For example, VK_0
through VK_9 and VK_A through VK_Z define the ASCII equivalents of the numbers
and letters. Here are some others:<br />
VK_ENTER<br />
VK_ESCAPE<br />
VK_CANCEL<br />
VK_UP<br />
VK_DOWN<br />
VK_LEFT<br />
VK_RIGHT<br />
VK_PAGE_DOWN<br />
VK_PAGE_UP<br />
VK_SHIFT<br />
VK_ALT<br />
VK_CONTROL<br />
<br />
The VK
constants specify virtual key codes and are independent of any modifiers, such
as control, shift, or alt. KeyEvent is a subclass of InputEvent and has these
two constructors:<br />
KeyEvent(Component src, int type, long when, int modifiers,
int code)<br />
KeyEvent(Component src, int type, long when, int modifiers, int code,
char ch)<br />
<br />
Here, src is a reference to the component that generated the event.
The type of the event is specified by type. The system time at which the key
was <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pressed is passed in when. The
modifiers argument indicates which modifiers were pressed when this key event
occurred. The virtual key code, such as VK_UP, VK_A, and so forth, is passed in
code. The character equivalent (if one exists) is passed in ch. If no valid
character exists, then ch contains CHAR_UNDEFINED. For KEY_TYPED events, code
will contain VK_UNDEFINED. The KeyEvent class defines several methods, but the
most commonly used ones are getKeyChar( ), which returns the character that was
entered, and getKeyCode( ), which returns the key code. Their general forms are
shown here: char getKeyChar( ) int getKeyCode( ) If no valid character is
available, then getKeyChar( ) returns CHAR_UNDEFINED. When a KEY_TYPED event
occurs, getKeyCode( ) returns VK_UNDEFINED. The MouseEvent Class There are
seven types of mouse events.<br />
The MouseEvent class defines the following integer
constants that can be used to identify them: MOUSE_CLICKED The user clicked the
mouse. MOUSE_DRAGGED The user dragged the mouse. MOUSE_ENTERED The mouse
entered a component. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
MOUSE_EXITED The mouse exited from a component.<br />
MOUSE_MOVED The mouse moved.<br />
MOUSE_PRESSED The mouse was pressed.<br />
MOUSE_RELEASED The mouse was released.<br />
<br />
MouseEvent is a subclass of InputEvent and has this constructor:
MouseEvent(Component src, int type, long when, int modifiers, int x, int y, int
clicks, boolean triggersPopup) Here, src is a reference to the component that
generated the event. The type of the event is specified by type. The system
time at which the mouse event occurred is passed in when. The modifiers
argument indicates which modifiers were pressed when a mouse event occurred.
The coordinates of the mouse are passed in x and y. The click count is passed
in clicks. The triggersPopup flag indicates if this event causes a pop-up menu
to appear on this platform. The most commonly used methods in this class are
getX( ) and getY( ). These return the X and Y coordinates of the mouse when the
event occurred. Their forms are shown here: int getX( ) int getY( )
Alternatively, you can use the getPoint( ) method to obtain the coordinates of
the mouse. It is shown here: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
<br />
Point getPoint( ) It returns a Point object that contains the X, Y
coordinates in its integer members: x and y. The translatePoint( ) method
changes the location of the event. Its form is shown here: void
translatePoint(int x, int y) The getClickCount( ) method obtains the number of mouse
clicks for this event. Its signature is shown here: int getClickCount( ) The
isPopupTrigger( ) method tests if this event causes a pop-up menu to appear on
this platform. Its form is shown here: boolean isPopupTrigger( ) The TextEvent
Class Instances of this class describe text events. These are generated by text
fields and text areas when characters are entered by a user or program.
TextEvent defines the integer constant TEXT_VALUE_CHANGED. The one constructor
for this class is shown here: TextEvent(Object src, int type) Here, src is a
reference to the object that generated this event. The type of the event is
specified by type. The TextEvent object does not include the characters
currently in the text component that generated the event. Instead, your program
must use other methods associated with the text component to retrieve that
information. This operation differs from other event objects discussed in this
section.<br />
For this reason,
no methods are discussed here for the TextEvent class. Think of a text event
notification as a signal to a listener that it should retrieve information from
a specific text component.<br />
<br />
The WindowEvent Class There are seven types of
window events. The WindowEvent class defines integer constants that can be used
to identify them. The constants and their meanings are shown here:
WINDOW_ACTIVATED The window was activated.<br />
WINDOW_CLOSED The window has been
closed.<br />
WINDOW_CLOSING The user requested that the window be closed.<br />
WINDOW_DEACTIVATED The window was deactivated.<br />
WINDOW_DEICONIFIED The window
was deiconified.<br />
WINDOW_ICONIFIED The window was iconified.<br />
WINDOW_OPENED The
window was opened.<br />
<br />
WindowEvent is a subclass of ComponentEvent and has this
constructor: WindowEvent(Window src, int type) Here, src is a reference to the
object that generated this event. The type of the event is type. The most
commonly used method in this class is getWindow( ). It returns the Window
object that generated the event. Its general form is shown here: Window
getWindow( ) <br />
<br />
7.3.6<br />
Adapter Classes The Java programming language provides adapter classes
that implement the corresponding listener interfaces containing more than one method.
The methods in these classes are empty. The listener class that you define can
extend the Adapter class and override the methods that you need. The Adapter
class used for the WindowListener interface in the WindowAdapter class. You can
rewrite the previous code in the following manner.<br />
The following is a list of
Adapter classes and listener interfaces:<br />
Event Category Interface Name Adapter
Name Method<br />
<br />
Window WindowListener WindowAdapter<br />
void windowClosing (WindowEvent
e)<br />
void windowOpening (WindowEvent e)<br />
void windowActivated (WindowEvent e)<br />
void
windowDeactivated (WindowEvent e)<br />
void windowClosed (WindowEvent e)<br />
void
windowIconified (WindowEvent e)<br />
void windowDeiconified (WindowEvent e)<br />
<br />
Action
ActionListenr<br />
void actionPerformed (ActionEvent e )<br />
<br />
Item ItemListener<br />
void
itemStateChanged (ItemEvent e)<br />
<br />
Mouse Motion MouseMotion Listener MouseMotion
Adapter<br />
void mouseDragged (MouseEvent e)<br />
void mouseMoved (MouseEvent e)<br />
<br />
Mouse
Button MouseListener MouseAdapter<br />
void mousePressed (MouseEvent e)<br />
void
mouseReleased (MouseEvent e)<br />
void mouseEntered (MouseEvent e)<br />
void mouseExited
(MouseEvent e)<br />
void mouseClicked (MouseEvent e)<br />
<br />
Key KeyListener KeyAdapter<br />
void
keyPressed (KeyEvent e)<br />
void keyReleased (KeyEvent e)<br />
void keyTyped (KeyEvent
e)<br />
<br />
Focus FocusListener<br />
void focusGained (FocusEvent e)<br />
void focusLost
(FocusEvent e)<br />
<br />
Component ComponentListener Component Adapter<br />
void
componentMoved (ComponentEvent e)<br />
void componentResized (ComponentEvent e)<br />
void
componentHidden (ComponentEvent e)<br />
void componentShown (ComponentEvent e)<br />
<br />
7.3.7 Inner Classes Inner classes are classes that are declared within other classes.
They are also known as nested classes and provide additional clarity to
programs. The scope of an inner class is limited to the class that encloses it.
The objects of the inner class can access the members of the outer class. outer
class can access the members of the inner class through an object of the inner
class. Syntax class { class {
} // other attributes and methods } <br />
<br />
7.3.8 Anonymous Classes Sometimes, the classes that you declare in a method
do not need a name since you do not need them anywhere else in the program. You
can create nameless classes for this purpose. Classes that are not named are
called anonymous classes. Example public void methodOne () {
OKButton.addActionListener (new ActionListener () { public void actionPerformed
(ActionEvent action) { //process event } } ); <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> }<br />
<br />
In the above code, the class
declaration is the argument of the addActionListener () method. You cannot
instantiate an object of the anonymous class elsewhere in the code. An
anonymous class cannot have a constructor as the class does not have a name. An
anonymous class can be a subclass of another class. It can implement an
interface.<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Self Assessment Questions <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What is an Event?<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
What do you mean by event listener and event handling?<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
What is an inner class?<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <br />
<br />
7.4 Summary <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
The Applet class is the only class of the java.applet package.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
An applet runs in a Webpage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
An applet can be executed using the appletviewer or a Java-enabled browser <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Applet tag is used to embed an
applet in a Web page.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
The init () method is called the first time the applet is loaded into<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the memory of a computer. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The start () method is called immediately
after the init () method and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
every time the applet receives focus as a result of scrolling in the active
window. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The stop () method is called
every time the user moves on to another web page. <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The destroy () method is called just
before the browser is shut down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
You can use the method getGraphics () to obtain an object of the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Graphics class. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The update () method
clears the screen and calls the paint () method.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
The paint () method draws the graphics of the applet in the drawing area. <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The repaint () method calls the
update () method to signal that the applet’s redrawn in the drawing area. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An application does not require a browser for
execution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An application starts with the main
() method.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Typically, GUI programs wait for the user to perform some action.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
The components of an event are:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Event Object<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Event Source<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Event Handler<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To handle window-related events, you need to
register the listener object that implements the WindowListener interface. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
Inner classes, also called nested classes, are classes that are<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>declared
within other classes. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The classes that
are not named within a program are called anonymous<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>classes. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An anonymous class cannot have a constructor
as the class has no name.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
7.5 Terminal Questions <br />
1. What are the restrictions on an applet?<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. What is the life cycle of an
applet class? <br />
3. What are the different components of an event? <br />
4. What are the uses of an adapter class? <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5. Write an applet program for an
online shopping form? <br />
6. Write an applet program to change the background colour of an applet
window as soon as you click on a button?<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]--></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2733978612107819299.post-72846207108129396242012-11-26T18:11:00.002+05:302014-05-08T17:30:27.031+05:30Java Programming - JSP and Servlets<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Java
Programming - JSP and Servlets Structure</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1
Introduction Objectives <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2
JSP <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.1 Introduction <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2
What is needed to write JSP based web application? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3
How does JSP look? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4
How to test a JSP? Self Assessment Questions <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3
Servlets <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1
Introduction <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2
History of Web Application <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3
Web Architecture <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.4
Servlet Life Cycle <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4
Summary <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5
Terminal Questions <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1
Introduction JavaServer pages are actually, text files that combine standard
HTML and new scripting tags. JSPs look like HTML, but they get compiled into
Java Servlets the first time they are invoked. Java servlets are a key
component of server-side Java development. A servlet is a small pluggable
extension to a server that enhances the server‟s functionality. Servlets allow
developers to extend and customize any Java-enabled Server- a web server, a
mail server, an application server or any custom server.We will see both of
these concepts in some detail in the coming subsections. Java </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2
JSP <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1
Introduction JavaServer pages are on the whole, text files that combine
standard HTML and new scripting tags. JSPs look like HTML, but they get
compiled into Java Servlets the first time they are invoked. The resulting
servlet is a combination of the HTML from the JSP file and embedded dynamic
content specified by the new tags. That is not to say that JSPs must contain
HTML. Some of them will contain only Java code; this is particularly useful
when the JSP is responsible for a particular task like maintaining application
flow. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2
What is needed to write JSP based web application? As you will come to know in
a short time, programming with JSP will need a thorough knowledge of how
servlets are written and executed as the code segments inserted in a JSP are
mostly Servlet code. If you have already written some ASP programs you may find
it easy to work with JSP as there are so many similarities although they are 2
different technologies. To write a JSP code you require an editor. To test the
JSPs you need a JSP engine. So this material considers the Java Web Server to
the JSP engine. This is the same web server that we considered for testing the
Java Servlets. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3
How does JSP look? Before considering more technical details regarding JSP, let
us see how a JSP file looks and what its static parts are and what its dynamics
parts are: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consider the HelloWorld.jsp
below 1. As you can see a JSP page looks almost like a simple HTML file. In the
above HelloWorld.jsp line number 8 is the one accounting for the dynamoc
content. All of the rest lines are static HTML content. If you observe line 8
carefully, you can notice that the written code resembles servlet code in some
way. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4
How to test a JSP? Once a JSP is written next question is how do you test it?
To test JSP we are going to use Java Web Server. The steps are as following: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Copy the HelloWorld.jsp to
c:\JavaWebServer2.0\public_html directory</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> as it is the document root of the Java Web Server .
(Assuming that the Java Web Server is installed in c:\) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now start the Java Web Server‟s web service.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Open your browser
window.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now in the address bar type in an address
ashttp://IPAddress::</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
8080/HelloWorld.jsp, where IP address of your machine. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You should be able to see the output as shown
below.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> JSP Output Self Assessment
Questions <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What is JSP?</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What are the uses of
JSP?</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3
Servlets <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1
Introduction The rise of server-side Java applications is one of the latest and
most exciting trends in Java programming. The Java language was originally
intended for use in small, embedded devices. Java‟s potentially as a
server-side development platform had been sadly overlooked until recently.
Businesses in particular have been quick to recognize Java‟s potential on the
server-side. Java is inherently suited for large client/server applications.
The cross platform nature of Java is extremely useful for organizations that
have a heterogeneous collection of servers running various flavors of the UNIX
and Windows operating systems. Java‟s modern, object-oriented, memory-protected
design allows developers to cut development cycles and increase reliability. In
addition, Java‟s built-in support for networking and enterprise APIs provides
access to legacy data, easing the transition from older client/server system.
Java servlets are a key component of server-side Java development. A servlet is
a small pluggable extension to a server that enhances the server‟s
functionality. Servlets allow developers to extend and customize any
Java-enabled Server- a web server, a mail server, an application server or any
custom server. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2
History of Web Application While servlets can be used to extend the
functionality of any Java-enabled server, today they are most often used to
extend web servers, providing a powerful, efficient replacement for CGI
scripts. When you use servlet to create dynamic content for a web page or
otherwise extend the functionality of a web server, you are in effect creating
a Web application. While a web page merely displays static content and lets the
user navigate through that content, a web application provides a more
interactive experience. A web application may be as simple as a key word search
on a document archive or as complex as an electronic storefront. Web
applications are being deployed on the internet and on corporate intranets and
extranets, where they have the potential to increase productivity and change
role of servlets in any web application it is necessary to understand the
architecture of any current web application. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3
Web Architecture <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2-tier
Architecture</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Ø</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Typical client/server systems are
all 2-tiered in nature where the application resides entirely on the client PC
and database resides on a remote server. But 2-tier systems have some
disadvantages such as: The processing load is given to the PC while more
powerful server acts</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
as a traffic controller between the application and the database. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maintenance is the greatest problem. Imagine a
situation where there</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
is a small modification to be done in the application program. Then in case of
a 2-tier architecture system, it is necessary to go to each client machine and
make the necessary modifications to the programs loaded on them. That is the
reason why the modern web applications are all developed based on 3-tier
architecture. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>N-tier Architecture</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Ø</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Although the title of this section is given as N-Tier
architecture, here the concentration is on the 3-tier architecture. Basic
reason for this is that any web application developed based on N-tier
architecture functions just similar to typical 3-tier architecture. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">First-Tier:</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Basically the
presentation Layer.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Represented by the GUI kind of thing.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Middle-Tier
:</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Application Logic</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Third-Tier
:</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Data that is needed for the application.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The basic idea behind 3-tier architecture is that to
separate application logic from the user interface. This gives the flexibility
to the design of the application as well as ease of maintenance. If you compare
this with 2-tier architecture, it is very clear that in 3-tier architecture the
application logic can be modified without affecting the user interface and the
database. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Typical Web Application</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Ø</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A typical web application consists of following steps to
complete a request and response. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Web
appli</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cation will collect data from the
user. (First tier) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Send a request to the
web server.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Run the requested server program. (Second and
third tier)</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Package up the data to be presented in the web
browser.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Send it back to the browser for display.
(First tier)</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.4 Servlet Life Cycle Now that you have seen
the basic structure of a servlet, let‟s review the process by which a server
invokes a servlet. This process can be broken down into the nine steps as
follows: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
The server loads the servlet when it is first requested by the client or if
configured to do so, at server start-up. The servlet may be loaded from either
a local or a remote location using the standard Java class loading facility.
This step is equivalent to the following code: Class c=Class.forName(“com.sourcestream.MyServlet”);
It should be noted that when referring to servlets, the term load often refers
to the process of both loading and instantiating the servlet. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
The server creates one or more instances of the servlet class. Depending on
implementation. The server may create a single instance that services all
requests through multiple threads or create a pool of instances from which one
chosen to service each new request. This step is equivalent to the following
Java code: Servlet s=(Servlet) c.newInstance (); where „c‟ is the same Class
object created in previous step. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
The server constructs a ServerConfig object that provides initialization
information to the servlet. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
The server calls the servlet‟s init () method, passing the object constructed
in step 3 as a parameter. The init () method is guaranteed to finish execution
prior to the servlet processing the first request. If the server has created
multiple servlet instances (step 2), the init () method is called one time for
each instance. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
The server constructs a ServletRequest or HttpServletRequest object from the
data included in the client‟s request. It also constructs a ServletResponse or
HttpServletResponse object that provides methods for customizing the server‟s
response. The type of object passed in these two parameters depends on whether
the servlet extends the GenericServlet class or the HttpServlet class,
respectively. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.
The server calls the servlet‟s service() method passing the objects constructed
in step 5 as parameters. When concurrent requests arrive, multiple service()
methods can run in separate threads. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.
The service () method processes the client request by evaluating the
ServletRequest or HttpServletRequest object and responds using ServletResponse
or HttpServletResponse object. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.
If the server receives another request for this servlet, the process begins
again at step 5. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.
When instructed to unload the servlet, perhaps by the server administrator or programmatically
by the servlet itself, the server calls the servlet‟s destroy() method. The
servlet is then eligible for garbage collection. The above mentioned nine steps
illustrate the entire lifecycle of a servlet. The following figure shows the
flow of the servlet lifecycle. The Java Servlet Development Kit The Java
Servlet Development Kit (JSDK) contains the class libraries that you will need
to create servlets. A utility known as the servletrunner is also included,
which enables you to test some of the servlets that you create. We will use
this tool to execute the examples in this chapter. You can download the JSDK
without charge from the Sun Microsystems Web site at java.sun.com. Follow the
instructions to install this toolkit on your machine. For a Windows machine,
the default location of Version 2 of the JSDK is c:\\Jsdk2.0. The directory
c:\\Jsdk2.0\\bin contains servletrunner.exe. Update your Path environment
variable so that it includes this directory. The directory c:\\Jsdk2.0\\lib
contains jsdk.jar. This JAR file contains the classes and interfaces that are
needed to build servlets. Update your Classpath environment variable so that it
includes c:\\Jsdk2.0\\lib\\jsdk.jar. A Simple Servlet To become familiar with
the key servlet concepts, we will begin by building and testing a simple
servlet. The basic steps are the following: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Create and compile the servlet source code. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Start the servletrunner utility. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
Start a Web browser and request the servlet. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The following sections examine
each of these steps in detail. Create and Compile the Servlet Source Code To
begin, create a file named HelloServlet.java that contains the following
program: import java.io.*; import javax.servlet.*; public class HelloServlet
extends GenericServlet { public void service(ServletRequest request,
ServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html"); PrintWriter pw =
response.getWriter(); pw.println("Hello!"); pw.close(); } } First,
note that this program imports the javax.servlet package, which contains the
classes and interfaces required to build servlets. You will learn more about
these classes and interfaces later in this chapter. Next, the program defines
HelloServlet as a subclass of GenericServlet. The GenericServlet class provides
functionality that makes it easy to handle requests and responses. Inside
HelloServet, the service( ) method (which is inherited from GenericServlet) is
overridden. This method handles requests from a client. Notice that the first
argument is a ServletRequest object. This enables a servlet to read data that
is provided via the client request. The second argument is an ServletResponse
object. This enables a servlet to formulate a response for the client. The call
to setContentType( ) establishes the MIME type of the HTTP response. In this
program, the MIME type is text/html, which indicates that the browser should
interpret the content as HTML source code. Next, the getWriter( ) method
obtains a PrintWriter. Anything written to this stream is sent to the client as
part of the HTTP response. Then, println( ) is used to write some simple HTML
source code as the HTTP response. Compile this source code and place the
HelloServlet.class file in the directory named c:\\Jsdk2.0\\examples. This
ensures that it can be located by the servletrunner utility. Start the servletrunner
Utility Open a command prompt window and type servletrunner to start that
utility. This tool listens on port 8080 for incoming client requests. Start a
Web Browser and Request the Servlet Start a Web browser and enter the URL shown
here: http://localhost:8080/servlet/HelloServlet <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alternatively, you may enter the URL shown
here: http://127.0.0.1:8080/servlet/HelloServlet This can be done because
127.0.0.1 is defined as the IP address of the local machine. You should observe
the output of the servlet in the browser display area. It should contain the
string Hello! in bold type. Note The examples in this chapter assume that the
servletrunner and the Web browser execute on the same machine. However, these
two applications can be installed on different machines. In that case, the URLs
must be changed to identify the machine on which servletrunner is executing. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4 Summary <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JavaServer
pages are on the whole, text files that combine standard</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HTML and new scripting tags. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To write a JSP code you require an editor. To
test the JSPs you need a</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
JSP engine. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Different Web Architecture
are:</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> o </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simple
Web Request-Response Paradigm. o 2-tier Architecture. o N-tier Architecture. o
Typically Web Application APPENDIIX JDK Toolls <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>javac, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Java Compiler</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Ø</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
The javac program is the tool you use to convert .java files into .class files
that can be run by the interpreter. Syntax javac [option] Option Description
-classpath Overrides the default CLASSPATH environment variable that contains
the standard path for the library classes. -d Specifies the directory for
placing the resultant bytecode. -nowarn Turns off the warning messages. -o
Turns optimizing on, causing all static, final and private methods to be placed
inline. Although this result is faster execution, the .class files become
larger. -verbose Generates a message about what the compiler is doing. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
appletviewer Tool</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">Ø</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Applets, as you have already learned in the earlier section, are programs
written in Java that are designed to run embedded in Web pages. You can run
these applets using Web browser. The appletviewer tool is a program that lets
you run applets without the overhead of running a Web browser. It provides an
easy way to test applets written in the Java language. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syntax
appletviewer [option] Option Description -debug Starts the appletviewer in the
Java Debugger, jdb, thus allowing you to debug the applets in the HTML document.
The applet viewer has an applet menu in the appletviewer window. The options of
the Applet menu are listed below. Option Description Restart Restarts the
applet using the current settings. Reload Reloads the applets with the changes
in the .class file applied. Stop Causes the stop () method of the applet to be
called and halts the applet. Save Saves the serialized state of the applet.
Start Starts the applet. This is useful when the user selects the stop option
from the menu. Clone Duplicates the current applet, to create another
AppletViewer instance. Tag Shows the HTML<b> </b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]--></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12549262797871665168noreply@blogger.com0